本文關(guān)鍵詞：北京可吸入顆粒物中元素地球化學(xué)特征與健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)　出處：《中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)(北京)》2015年碩士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： PM2.5 PM10 地球化學(xué)特征 來(lái)源解析 健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)

【摘要】：北京霧霾天氣頻發(fā),并且大氣可吸入顆粒物中重金屬元素濃度過(guò)高會(huì)引發(fā)一系列的人體健康問(wèn)題,因此掌握大氣顆粒物中重金屬元素的地球化學(xué)特征及其時(shí)空分布規(guī)律具有重要的意義。本研究于2013年1~4月(冬/春兩季)期間,使用TH1500C智能中流量(80~120L/min)大氣采樣器在北京市區(qū)和郊區(qū),進(jìn)行了大氣顆粒物(TSP/PM10/PM2.5)的采樣工作,采集的樣品利用電感耦合等離子體質(zhì)譜儀和原子熒光譜儀分析,測(cè)試了Al、Fe、Mn、As、Hg、Cd、和Cr等21種元素。本文主要研究了北京春季與冬季的顆粒物濃度超標(biāo)幅度及元素濃度分布特征,解析了元素來(lái)源,對(duì)兒童和成人進(jìn)行了健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)。獲得的主要結(jié)果如下:北京市冬季大氣顆粒物濃度超標(biāo)幅度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于春季,尤其在霧霾天氣情況下,超標(biāo)幅度更高;北京市區(qū)各功能區(qū)及郊區(qū)均表現(xiàn)為,冬季濃度遠(yuǎn)高于春季;北京市區(qū)建材廠區(qū)的濃度最高,其次是商業(yè)區(qū)(屬于人口密集區(qū))。Cd、Cr、As、Hg四種重金屬在冬季大氣顆粒物PM10中的濃度比春季的增幅分別為233%、306%、298%、141%;在PM2.5中的增幅分別為442%、309%、310%、256%。與春季相比,冬季各元素在顆粒物中的富集程度高,有毒有害元素的表現(xiàn)尤為明顯,并且在PM2.5中的富集程度顯著高于PM10的,表明有毒有害元素易于富集在PM2.5中。北京市大氣污染來(lái)源較為復(fù)雜,人為污染源主要是車(chē)輛排放、工業(yè)排放和燃煤。冬季PM2.5中三種污染源的貢獻(xiàn)率占64.53%,春季PM2.5中占64.25%;冬季PM10中貢獻(xiàn)率在53.95%~66.71%之間,春季PM10中占58.94%;冬季與春季人為污染源貢獻(xiàn)率差異不顯著。北京市區(qū)冬季的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高于春季,郊區(qū)則相反;北京市區(qū)和郊區(qū)非致癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均較高,會(huì)增加發(fā)生疾病的概率;冬季,大氣中的Cr和As元素的存在,造成北京市區(qū)存在一定的致癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn),其數(shù)量級(jí)為10-6,即每100萬(wàn)人口會(huì)增加1個(gè)致癌患者,春季僅有Cr存在致癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn);北京郊區(qū)在冬季與春季均未存在致癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。和成人相比,兒童的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更大。
[Abstract]:Smog is frequent in Beijing, and high concentrations of heavy metals in inhalable particulates in the atmosphere can lead to a series of human health problems. Therefore, it is of great significance to understand the geochemical characteristics of heavy metal elements and their temporal and spatial distribution in atmospheric particulates. This study was conducted during the period of 1 ~ April (winter / spring) from 2013 to April. Use the TH1500C Intelligent medium flow rate 80L / min Atmospheric Sampler in Beijing's urban and suburban areas. Samples of atmospheric particulate matter (TSP / PM10 / PM2.5) were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer and atomic fluorescence spectrometer. In this paper, the characteristics of the concentration of particulates in Beijing in spring and winter were studied, and the distribution of elements and the origin of the elements were analyzed. The health risk assessment of children and adults was carried out. The main results were as follows: the concentration of atmospheric particulates in winter in Beijing was much higher than that in spring, especially in smog weather; The concentration in winter is much higher than that in spring. The concentration of building materials factory in Beijing is the highest, followed by commercial district (belonging to the densely populated area). The concentrations of four heavy metals in PM10 in winter were 233306 and 29881, respectively, which were higher than those in spring. The increase in PM2.5 was respectively 442 / 3099 and 31010 / 2566.Compared with that in spring, the enrichment degree of each element in winter was higher than that in spring, especially in toxic and harmful elements. The enrichment degree in PM2.5 was significantly higher than that in PM10, indicating that toxic and harmful elements were easily enriched in PM2.5, and the sources of air pollution in Beijing were more complex. The main sources of anthropogenic pollution were vehicle emissions, industrial emissions and coal combustion. The contribution rate of the three sources of PM2.5 in winter was 64.53, and that of PM2.5 in spring was 64.25. The contribution rate of PM10 in winter was between 53.95% and 66.71%, and in spring PM10 was 58.94%. There was no significant difference between winter and spring in the contribution rate of anthropogenic pollution sources. The health risk in winter in Beijing urban area was higher than that in spring, but in suburb was opposite. The non-carcinogenic risk is higher in urban and suburban areas of Beijing, which will increase the probability of disease. In winter, the presence of Cr and as in the atmosphere results in a certain risk of carcinogenesis in the urban area of Beijing, whose order of magnitude is 10-6, that is, an increase of one cancer patient per 1 million population. Only Cr had carcinogenic risk in spring. There is no risk of cancer in winter or spring in the suburbs of Beijing. Children's health risks are higher than those of adults.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)(北京)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：X513;X823

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