北極海冰變化對北半球氣候影響研究
本文選題:CAM3.1模式 + 北極海冰。 參考:《中國海洋大學》2014年博士論文
【摘要】:自1979年有衛(wèi)星觀測記錄以來,北極海冰面積特別是秋季海冰面積處于明顯的下降趨勢。2012年9月達到有觀測記錄以來的最低值為3.41百萬平方公里,其次是2007年9月的4.13百萬平方公里,而2013年9月比2012年同期增加了60%。本文研究了2007、2012年北極海冰達到極小值時,海冰融化區(qū)域不同的原因,以及2013年比2012年增加60%的原因。數(shù)據(jù)分析顯示,北極秋季海冰融化區(qū)域不同,與底層大氣環(huán)流和上層海洋異常場的分布密切相關,冰-溫(表面氣溫和海表面溫度)和冰-汽三個正反饋機制等,5個條件共同作用,導致海冰融化。近幾年冬季,北半球大陸地區(qū)極端天氣事件頻繁發(fā)生,凍雨、冷冬、暴雪等造成人類社會巨大的經濟損失。結合北極秋季海冰減少,本文運用數(shù)據(jù)分析和數(shù)值試驗方法,研究其對北半球中緯度地區(qū)氣候變化的影響。得出,受北極秋季海冰減少的影響,東亞、北極地區(qū)冬季氣溫呈蹺蹺板結構。冬季極區(qū)冷空氣更容易入侵東亞,造成嚴寒等極端天氣,而極區(qū)氣溫則出現(xiàn)氣候變化的“北極放大效應”;另外受北極秋季海冰減少的影響,夏季趨向變熱而冬季趨向變冷,冬、夏季溫差變大,夏季易出現(xiàn)酷暑,冬季易出現(xiàn)嚴寒等極端天氣事件;春、秋季升溫明顯,故夏季變長,春季提前進入夏季,秋季則滯后出現(xiàn)。海冰衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)顯示,不同階段北極海冰下降速度差異巨大,1996-2012年海冰平均下降速度比1979-1995年加快了近4倍。據(jù)此兩階段,本文分析了北極秋季海冰減少與北半球冬季大氣環(huán)流的關系。數(shù)據(jù)分析和數(shù)值試驗表明,海冰下降速率不同,所對應的大氣環(huán)流模態(tài)截然不同:海冰下降慢時,西風急流加強,中緯度大陸地區(qū)出現(xiàn)暖冬:海冰下降快時,中緯度位勢高度降低、西風急流和經向風減弱,使極區(qū)冷空氣更加容易入侵中緯度地區(qū),從而東亞、北美等地更易出現(xiàn)冷冬。模式結果表明,北極秋季海冰減少的影響在秋季對極區(qū)最大,減少慢時極區(qū)升溫比減少快時要強烈,減少快時較高緯度變冷;冬季,海冰減少的最大影響擴展到中緯度地區(qū),減少慢時易造成暖冬,而快時易出現(xiàn)冷冬;春季,這種影響減弱,且已移動到更低緯度;夏季,新一輪海冰開始融化,極區(qū)大氣環(huán)流又發(fā)生變化,周而復始。若按目前北極秋季海冰下降速度推演,將來不久北極會面臨海冰全部融化的風險。氣候模型估計北極夏季將在2030年左右無冰。基于此本文設計了北極9月無冰試驗,研究無冰對北半球大氣環(huán)流的影響。實驗結果顯示,北極無冰使秋季極區(qū)氣溫明顯降低:冬季,中緯度地區(qū)氣溫升高;直到夏季,無冰對大氣環(huán)流的影響傳輸?shù)綗釒У雀途暥取1睒O海冰繼續(xù)快速融化直至無冰,北半球中緯度地區(qū)不僅在春、夏、秋三季變暖,冬季的冷冬也會消失,而轉為暖冬。衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)顯示,2013年秋季北極海冰沒像往年一樣繼續(xù)下降,反而比2012年同期增加了60%,而2013年冬季北美遭受了幾十年不遇的嚴寒和暴雪襲擊。通過數(shù)據(jù)分析和數(shù)值試驗探討得知,2013年北美冷冬基本上是由于在北極秋季海冰快速下降的大背景下,2013年秋季海冰突然比2012年同期增加60%所致。北極秋季海冰變化,使北美2013年冬季位勢高度場降低、經向風減弱、極地寒流入侵,造成了北美冷冬極端天氣事件。若只是與氣候態(tài)相比,2013年海冰下降的情況,不會造成2013年北美冬季極端嚴寒天氣。北極秋季海冰在2007年和2012年分別達到次小值和最小值,而這兩年北半球冬季降雪明顯增多,但增多的區(qū)域不同。2007年主要在亞洲大陸和北美中部,2012年主要在歐洲中部和東亞渤海沿岸。數(shù)據(jù)分析結果表明,這兩個特殊年份由于滿足降雪的大氣環(huán)流的動力、水汽、溫度等條件的分布不同,而導致降雪增多的區(qū)域不同。
[Abstract]:Since 1979, satellite observation record, the Arctic sea ice area in autumn in the sea ice area significantly decreased.2012 in September reached the lowest since the observed record of 3 million 410 thousand square kilometers, followed by 4 million 130 thousand square kilometers in September 2007, and in September 2013 compared to the same period in 2012 increased by 60%. in this paper 20072012 years reaches the minimum value when the Arctic sea ice the reason, the melting of sea ice to different areas, and in 2013 than in 2012 increased by 60%. The data analysis shows that the Arctic sea ice area in autumn, and is closely related to the distribution of atmospheric circulation and ocean bottom layer anomaly, ice - temperature (surface temperature and sea surface temperature) and ice - steam three positive feedback mechanism. 5 conditions, interaction, resulting in melting of sea ice. Winter in recent years, extreme weather events in the northern hemisphere area occurred frequently, freezing rain, cold winter, snow and other man-made The social class of the huge economic loss. With the fall Arctic sea ice reduction, this paper uses data analysis and numerical experiment method, to study its effect on climate change in the northern hemisphere latitudes. The influence of Arctic sea ice to reduce the fall of East Asia, the Arctic winter temperatures in winter. The polar cold air seesaw structure more easily invaded East Asia. The cold caused by extreme weather, and polar temperatures in the emergence of climate change "Arctic amplification effect"; also affected by the reduced Arctic sea ice in summer autumn and winter, tend to become hot trend of cold, winter, summer temperature becomes large, prone to summer heat, winter prone to extreme weather events such as the spring and autumn cold; warming significantly, so the summer long, ahead of the spring into the summer, autumn is delayed. Sea ice satellite data show that the different stages of the Arctic sea ice decline speed difference is huge, 1996-2012 year sea ice The average rate of decline was up nearly 4 times more than 1979-1995 years. According to the two stage, this paper analyzes the Arctic sea ice in winter and autumn reduced the relationship between atmospheric circulation in the northern hemisphere. It shows that the data analysis and numerical experiment, sea ice decline rate is different, corresponding to the different atmospheric circulation mode: sea ice declined slowly, the westerly jet strengthened in warm winter latitude mainland: sea ice decline fast, mid latitude reduction of geopotential height, westerly jet and meridional wind weakened, the polar cold air intrusion more easily in the mid latitudes, and East Asia, North America and other places prone to cold winter. The results show that the effect of reducing the Arctic sea ice in the autumn fall on the polar maximum, reduce slow when the temperature rises quickly to reduce the region strongly, reduce fast higher latitude cold winter; maximum impact reduction in sea ice is extended to the mid latitude region to reduce easilycausing warm winter slow, and fast Easy to appear when the cold winter; spring, this effect is weakened, and has moved to lower latitudes; in summer, a new round of ice melting, polar atmospheric circulation change again, again and again. If the Arctic sea ice fall down speed deduction, the near future will face the risk of all the Arctic climate model to estimate the melting of sea ice. The Arctic summer around 2030. Based on this ice free Arctic ice free in September this paper designs test, no influence on the atmospheric circulation of the northern hemisphere ice research. Experimental results show that the Arctic ice free region in the autumn temperature decreased significantly: in winter, the temperature rise in mid latitudes; until summer, ice has no effect on the atmospheric circulation transmission to tropical etc. lower latitude. The rapid melting of Arctic sea ice continues until no ice, not only in the latitudes of the northern hemisphere in spring, summer, autumn three season warming, cold winter will disappear, and turn into warm winter. Satellite data show In the autumn of 2013, Arctic sea ice did not like in previous years continued to decline, but compared to the same period in 2012 increased by 60%, while in the winter of 2013, North America suffered in decades of cold and snow. Through data analysis and numerical tests on that cold winter in North America in 2013 basically is the large background on the sea ice in the Arctic in the rapid decline of the the autumn of 2013, the sea ice suddenly over the same period in 2012 increased by 60% due. Arctic sea ice changes in autumn, the North America in the winter of 2013, geopotential height decreased, meridional wind weakened, polar cold invasion, resulting in the north cold winter of extreme weather events. If it is compared with the climatology, 2013 sea ice decline, will not cause the 2013 North American winter the extreme cold weather. The Arctic sea ice in autumn respectively small value and the minimum value in 2007 and 2012, and this year the northern hemisphere winter snowfall increased significantly, but increased in different regions. In 2007, mainly in Asia and central North America in 2012, mainly in Central Europe and the east coast of Bohai. The results of data analysis showed that the two year as a result of special power, the atmospheric circulation of snow to meet the water vapor, temperature distribution of the different conditions caused by more snow in different regions.
【學位授予單位】:中國海洋大學
【學位級別】:博士
【學位授予年份】:2014
【分類號】:P731.15;P461.2
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