【摘要】：鐵路作為國民經(jīng)濟(jì)大動脈、國家重要基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和大眾化交通工具,在我國經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展中具有重要的作用。近十幾年來我國鐵路快速發(fā)展,到2015年,鐵路營業(yè)里程將達(dá)到12萬公里。在鐵路大規(guī)模建設(shè)中,如何通過線路的高精度和高穩(wěn)定性保證列車快速、高效和舒適是十分重要的。測量是保證鐵路精度的核心與靈魂。在線路的建設(shè)與維護(hù)中,幾乎所有的測量都離不開全站儀。然而目前全站儀只能在置平工況下進(jìn)行測量。首先,無論全站儀置平是人工方式還是自動方式,都影響測量效率。其次,全站儀調(diào)整范圍有限,在自身置平前需要其基礎(chǔ)達(dá)到一定的水平狀態(tài)。最后,全站儀置平程度有限,雖然現(xiàn)在全站儀都帶水平補(bǔ)償功能,但其補(bǔ)償能力有限,置平仍然是影響測量精度的一個重要環(huán)節(jié)。 本文簡單介紹了全站儀測量的基本原理,深入分析了全站儀在置平工況下的自由設(shè)站及其測量算法模型,以及全站儀測量過程中的主要誤差來源,在此基礎(chǔ)上首次提出了全站儀免置平測量技術(shù)及其算法模型。全站儀免置平測量技術(shù)及其算法模型主要包括免置平工況下的自由設(shè)站算法和免置平工況下的測量算法,以實(shí)現(xiàn)全站儀能在任意姿態(tài)下進(jìn)行測量。 本文首先建立了全站儀免置平工況下自由設(shè)站的數(shù)值模型和幾何模型,研究了自由設(shè)站數(shù)值模型的多解問題,通過對兩種模型的分析和比較,最終采用免置平工況下自由設(shè)站的幾何模型求解全站儀設(shè)站點(diǎn)坐標(biāo),并通過多余觀測量的測量建立平差體系以提高設(shè)站點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)精度。第二,本文建立了全站儀免置平工況下基于旋轉(zhuǎn)角的非線性測量模型和基于方向余弦矩陣的測量模型,通過對兩種模型的分析和比較,最終采用了基于方向余弦矩陣的測量模型,并通過多余觀測量的測量建立平差體系以提高模型的精度。最后,通過不同環(huán)境下的大量實(shí)驗(yàn),驗(yàn)證了全站儀免置平工況下自由設(shè)站和測量算法模型的正確性。 全站儀免置平測量技術(shù)較大程度的提高了全站儀測量的效率和測量自動化程度,在工程應(yīng)用上具有非凡的意義。同時(shí),此技術(shù)和算法模型也可用于鐵路建設(shè)以外的很多測量系統(tǒng)中,如大橋沉降監(jiān)測系統(tǒng),盾構(gòu)機(jī)引導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)等。
[Abstract]:As the artery of national economy, national infrastructure and mass transportation, railway plays an important role in the economic and social development of our country. China's railway has developed rapidly in the past ten years. By 2015, railway mileage will reach 120000 km. In the large-scale construction of railway, it is very important to ensure the speed, efficiency and comfort of the train through the high precision and high stability of the railway line. Surveying is the core and soul of ensuring railway accuracy. In the construction and maintenance of the line, almost all the survey can not be separated from the total station. However, at present, the total station can only be measured under the condition of leveling. First of all, whether the total station leveling is manual or automatic, it affects the measuring efficiency. Secondly, the adjustment range of total station is limited, and its foundation needs to reach a certain level state before leveling itself. Finally, the leveling degree of total station is limited. Although the total station has horizontal compensation function, its compensation ability is limited, and leveling is still an important link that affects the measurement accuracy. In this paper, the basic principle of total station survey is briefly introduced, and the free station setting and measuring algorithm model of total station under leveling condition are deeply analyzed, as well as the main error sources in the total station survey process. On the basis of this, the technique and its algorithm model of total station non-leveling measurement are proposed for the first time. The technique and algorithm model of total station no-leveling survey mainly include the free station setting algorithm under no-leveling condition and the measurement algorithm under no-leveling condition so as to realize that the total station instrument can measure under any attitude. In this paper, the numerical model and geometric model of the free station are established, and the multi-solution problem of the numerical model of the free station is studied. The analysis and comparison of the two models are carried out. Finally, the geometric model of free station setting is used to solve the coordinate of the total station, and the adjustment system is established through the measurement of redundant observations to improve the coordinate accuracy of the station. Secondly, the nonlinear measurement model based on rotation angle and the measurement model based on directional cosine matrix are established in this paper. The two models are analyzed and compared. Finally, the measurement model based on directional cosine matrix is adopted, and the adjustment system is established through the measurement of redundant observations to improve the accuracy of the model. Finally, through a large number of experiments in different environments, the correctness of the free station setting and measuring algorithm model of the total station is verified. The technology of total station without leveling has greatly improved the efficiency and automation of total station survey, which is of great significance in engineering application. At the same time, the technology and algorithm model can also be used in many measurement systems other than railway construction, such as bridge settlement monitoring system, shield machine guidance system and so on.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南昌大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：P204;U212.24

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