本文選題：汶川地震 + 雷達干涉測量��； 參考：《西南交通大學》2015年博士論文

【摘要】：2008年5月12日,以中國四川省汶川縣映秀鎮(zhèn)為震中(N31.01°,E103.42°)發(fā)生了Mw7.9級地震,地震造成龍門山斷裂帶的映秀-北川斷層北東向單側(cè)破裂320km,前山彭縣-灌縣破裂70km,斷層錯動引發(fā)劇烈的地表運動,造成大量的人員傷亡和經(jīng)濟損失�；诖蟮販y量的空間觀測技術(shù),可精確獲得大范圍同震地表形變場,采用地表形變場反演發(fā)震斷層的運動模式,可為地震發(fā)生機制、區(qū)域斷層應(yīng)力遷移、破裂風險評估提供重要的科學依據(jù)。星載合成孔徑雷達干涉測量(Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar,InSAR)是一種新興的空間大地測量技術(shù),具有監(jiān)測精度高、覆蓋范圍廣、監(jiān)測密度大等顯著的技術(shù)優(yōu)勢。本文采用ALOS衛(wèi)星覆蓋汶川地震前后的PALSAR影像開展雷達干涉測量,獲得了汶川地震大范圍同震地表形變場。針對InSAR同震形變場存在顯著的軌道殘余相位誤差,開展了基于GPS數(shù)據(jù)的軌道誤差校正,較好地移除了InSAR殘余軌道相位。依據(jù)相鄰條帶形變觀測一致性原則,利用高質(zhì)量鄰軌數(shù)據(jù)對干涉條帶平滑性予以校正。結(jié)果表明,校正后同震形變場的準確度與平滑性得以顯著提高,InSAR高相干點殘差約3.6cm,精度提高約60%,校正后形變場的鄰接平滑因子標準差減小33%。為準確獲得汶川地震發(fā)震斷層的鏟狀幾何模型,提出一種基于傾角漸變分層模型的斷層幾何確定方法。沿地殼深度方向?qū)鄬舆M行分層離散化,依據(jù)斷層傾角漸變關(guān)系傳遞傾角搜優(yōu)區(qū)間,以InSAR和GPS地表同震形變?yōu)榧s束進行斷層傾角優(yōu)化。對汶川地震的發(fā)震斷層幾何計算表明,映秀-北川斷層沿深度方向具有復雜的幾何結(jié)構(gòu),斷層傾角在地表淺層極為陡峭,深度小于2km范圍內(nèi)傾角達73°,在深度2-6km范圍內(nèi),斷層傾角逐漸減小但均大于65°,而在6-14km范圍內(nèi)斷層傾角減小趨勢增大,14km處傾角降為450,14-20km深度處,斷層傾角急劇減小,由45°銳減至2°,呈現(xiàn)為鏟狀幾何結(jié)構(gòu),在20km深處與彭灌斷層一同歸并入地殼。為獲得汶川地震斷層滑動分布模型,將GPS數(shù)據(jù)和InSAR形變場聯(lián)合約束用于斷層滑動反演,探索出反演模型殘差、地震矩與滑動模型粗糙度關(guān)系曲線的平滑因子選擇方法,在滿足模型殘差和地震矩聯(lián)合最小的情況下獲得最優(yōu)平滑因子。聯(lián)合反演的InSAR數(shù)據(jù)模型殘差約為7.1cm,精度改善超過50%。反演結(jié)果表明,斷層滑動在震源處以逆沖分量為主兼具少量右旋走滑,沿東北向破裂傳播,走滑分量逐漸增大,在斷層破裂末端的青川區(qū)域,滑動基本以右旋走滑分量為主,在都江堰、高川、北川、房石和紅光呈現(xiàn)出五個顯著的滑動密集區(qū),最大滑動量達10.03m。為克服單一大地測量數(shù)據(jù)對斷層深部滑動反演不敏感的問題,采用聯(lián)合斷層表面應(yīng)力變化和GPS形變數(shù)據(jù),對汶川地震斷層滑動分布進行聯(lián)合約束反演。與單一大地測量數(shù)據(jù)的反演結(jié)果對比,聯(lián)合反演方法在深度方向上具有更好的識別分辨能力。計算結(jié)果表明,在都江堰區(qū)域除了地殼淺部存在顯著逆沖滑動成分外,在10-16km的地殼深部接近震源位置處存在一個顯著滑動密集區(qū),最大滑動量達9.67m,平均滑動量級超過8.5m。此外,在震源向西南延伸16km處地下7-19km范圍內(nèi)也發(fā)現(xiàn)了右旋走滑區(qū)域,平均滑動量級超過4.8m。聯(lián)合反演結(jié)果較好地兼容了GPS形變和應(yīng)力改變兩種數(shù)據(jù),GPS殘差為1.7cm,斷層應(yīng)力改變殘差為0.02Mpa,基于滑動模型計算得到汶川地震矩震級Mw=7.96。
[Abstract]:In May 12, 2008, a Mw7.9 magnitude earthquake occurred in the epicentre (N31.01, E103.42) of Yingxiu Town, Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province, China. The earthquake caused the Yingxiu Beichuan fault in the Longmen mountain fault zone to unilaterally rupture 320km, and the Qianshan Peng county irrigation County broke 70km, and the fault caused the severe surface movement, resulting in a large number of casualties and economic losses. The space observation technology based on geodetic measurement can accurately obtain the surface deformation field of large scale and same earthquake, and use the ground form variable field to inverse the motion mode of the seismogenic fault. It can provide an important scientific basis for the seismic occurrence mechanism, the regional fault stress migration, the fracture risk assessment, and the spaceborne synthetic aperture radar interferometry measurement (Interferometric Synthetic). Aperture Radar, InSAR) is a new spatial geodetic technique with high monitoring precision, wide coverage and large monitoring density. This paper uses ALOS satellite to cover the radar interferometry before and after the Wenchuan earthquake, and obtains the surface deformation field of the large scale of Wenchuan earthquake. In view of InSAR same earthquake There is a significant orbital residual phase error in the deformation field, the orbit error correction based on GPS data is carried out, and the phase of the residual orbit of the InSAR is well removed. According to the consistency principle of the observation of the adjacent strip deformation, the smoothness of the interference strip is corrected by the high quality adjacent rail data. The result shows that the accuracy of the correction of the same earthquake deformation field after correction is obtained. The smoothness can be improved remarkably, the InSAR high phase dry point residual is about 3.6cm, the accuracy is improved by about 60%, the standard deviation of the adjacent smooth factor of the corrected field is reduced 33%. to obtain the shovel geometry model of the Wenchuan earthquake fault accurately, and a method of fault geometry determination based on the gradient stratification model is proposed. Stratified discretization is carried out, and the dip search interval is transmitted according to the gradient relation of the fault dip, and the fault dip is optimized by the same seismic deformation as the InSAR and GPS surface. The geometric calculation of the seismogenic fault of the Wenchuan earthquake shows that the Yingxiu Beichuan fault has a complex geometric structure along the depth direction, and the dip angle of the fault is steep and deep in the shallow layer of the surface. In the range of less than 2km, the dip angle is 73 degrees. In the range of depth 2-6km, the dip angle of fault gradually decreases but is more than 65 degrees, and the trend of the dip angle decreases in the 6-14km range, the dip angle of 14km is reduced to 450,14-20km depth, the dip angle of the fault decreases sharply from 45 degree to 2 degree, and it is now a shovel geometry structure, together with the Peng irrigation fault in the depth of 20km. In order to obtain the Wenchuan seismic fault slip distribution model, the GPS data and the InSAR deformation field are combined to be applied to the fault slip inversion, and the smoothing factor selection method of the inversion model residual and the relation curve of the seismic moment and the sliding model roughness is explored, and the optimal method is obtained to meet the minimum of the model residual and the seismic moment. The residual error of the InSAR data model of the combined inversion is about 7.1cm, and the precision improvement over 50%. inversion shows that the fault slip is mainly the thrust component with a small amount of dextral strike slip in the source of the epicenter, propagating along the northeast to rupture, the strike slip component gradually increases, and the slip is basically the dextral strike slip component at the Qingchuan region at the end of the fault rupture. In Dujiangyan, Dujiangyan, Gao Chuan, Beichuan, housing stone and red light, there are five significant sliding areas. The maximum slip amount is up to 10.03m. to overcome the insensitivity of the single geodetic data to the deep slip inversion of the fault. The joint fault surface stress change and the number of GPS deformation are used to jointly restrain the sliding distribution of the Wenchuan seismic fault. Compared with the inversion results from the single geodetic data, the joint inversion method has a better recognition resolution in the depth direction. The results show that there is a significant sliding area in the deep crust of the 10-16km in the area of the crust of the Dujiangyan, except for the significant thrust slip in the shallow part of the crust. The slip volume is 9.67m and the average sliding magnitude exceeds 8.5m.. The right spin strike slip area is also found in the 7-19km range of the south-west extension 16km. The average slip magnitude exceeds the 4.8m. combined inversion results, which is well compatible with the GPS deformation and stress change two kinds of data, GPS residual difference is 1.7cm, the fault stress change residuals are 0.02Mpa. The Wenchuan earthquake moment magnitude Mw=7.96. is calculated by sliding model.
【學位授予單位】：西南交通大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：P315.7;P228.4

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