本文選題：開采沉陷 + 點云　； 參考：《中國礦業(yè)大學》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：在礦山開采沉陷研究中，為及時了解井下開采對地表的影響程度以便有效地指導地面建、構(gòu)筑物防護工作或井下生產(chǎn)，通常需要在地表受影響區(qū)域內(nèi)布設(shè)觀測站進行長期監(jiān)測。地面三維激光掃描技術(shù)引入礦山開采沉陷研究以后，解決了傳統(tǒng)觀測站數(shù)據(jù)量不足、觀測周期長等問題，但其在該領(lǐng)域中的應用仍然存在許多亟待解決的科學問題。本文結(jié)合地面三維激光掃描數(shù)據(jù)信息量豐富的優(yōu)點，通過提出或改進各類算法，提出了相應的數(shù)據(jù)修正模型和多種沉陷信息的提取方法，實現(xiàn)了良好的處理效果。本文主要獲得如下成果： 1)針對地面三維激光掃描技術(shù)和礦山開采沉陷監(jiān)測技術(shù)的國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀，詳細剖析該技術(shù)在礦山開采沉陷監(jiān)測應用中亟待解決的科學問題，并提出相應的研究內(nèi)容和技術(shù)路線。 2)提出在數(shù)據(jù)采集前后記錄儀器的傾斜狀態(tài)并取消儀器的自動補償功能的數(shù)據(jù)采集方案，并結(jié)合地面三維激光掃描原理，對傾斜角度與其測量角度誤差之間的幾何關(guān)系進行推導，得出儀器傾斜對測量角度的誤差影響，繼而根據(jù)三維點云數(shù)據(jù)中各點坐標與測量角度的數(shù)學關(guān)系，將各測量角度誤差以改正數(shù)的形式加到測量角度上進行數(shù)據(jù)修正，從而消除儀器傾斜對點位坐標獲取的影響。 3)利用基于十進制的Morton碼對原始點云數(shù)據(jù)進行直接索引，將坐標與格網(wǎng)一一對應，并通過鏈表結(jié)構(gòu)對索引后數(shù)據(jù)進行存儲，提高了數(shù)據(jù)處理的時空效率。繼而在網(wǎng)格內(nèi)若干高程較低點的基礎(chǔ)上，采用Kriging插值算法對網(wǎng)格中心點進行插值。繼而分別針對DTM和沉陷盆地模型的精度進行了評定，從而檢驗該數(shù)據(jù)處理方法的可靠性。 4)針對包含直立樹干、電線桿等圓柱體狀地物的點云數(shù)據(jù)，采用點云數(shù)據(jù)分層特征提取的方法將圓柱體的中心軸予以提取。針對包含房屋等棱角分明地物的點云數(shù)據(jù)，采用邊緣檢測算子+Hough變換對點云數(shù)據(jù)中包含的直線信息進行提取，得到直線間的交點作為特征點予以存儲，，并用于后續(xù)的水平位移求取，通過與高精度全站儀測得的測站水平位移檢測算法的可靠性。 5)針對臺階狀裂縫，借助小波變換在信號突變檢測方面的優(yōu)勢，對點云數(shù)據(jù)中各掃描線上的高程突變進行檢測，得到裂縫在各掃描線上的相應位置，繼而追蹤不同掃描線上的突變點，獲得臺階狀裂縫在點云數(shù)據(jù)中的位置。針對平面裂縫，通過將點云數(shù)據(jù)進行圖像化處理，繼而對點云圖像進行加密優(yōu)化，使裂縫信息在點云圖像中得到突顯，最后采用圖像處理中的邊緣檢測技術(shù)對裂縫信息進行檢測和提取，并將裂縫檢測效果應用于工程實踐中，通過與高精度全站儀測得的裂縫位置進行對比檢驗了其可靠性。
[Abstract]:In the study of mining subsidence, in order to understand the influence of underground mining on the surface in time so as to effectively guide the surface construction, structure protection or underground production, it is usually necessary to set up observation stations in the affected area of the surface for long-term monitoring. After the introduction of 3D laser scanning technology into the study of mining subsidence, the problems of insufficient data volume and long observation period in traditional observation stations are solved. However, there are still many scientific problems to be solved in the application of laser scanning technology in this field. This paper combines the advantage of abundant information of 3D laser scanning data on the ground, proposes or improves all kinds of algorithms, puts forward the corresponding data correction model and the extraction method of many kinds of subsidence information, and realizes the good processing effect. The main achievements of this paper are as follows: 1) aiming at the research status of 3D laser scanning technology and mining subsidence monitoring technology at home and abroad, This paper analyzes in detail the scientific problems that need to be solved in the application of this technology in the monitoring of mining subsidence. The corresponding research content and technical route are put forward. 2) A data acquisition scheme is proposed to record the tilt of the instrument before and after the data acquisition and cancel the automatic compensation function of the instrument, and combine with the principle of 3D laser scanning on the ground. The geometric relationship between tilt angle and measurement angle error is deduced, and the influence of instrument tilt on measurement angle error is obtained. Then, according to the mathematical relationship between each point coordinate and measurement angle in 3D point cloud data, The errors of each measuring angle are added to the measurement angle to correct the data in order to eliminate the influence of the tilt of the instrument on the acquisition of point coordinates. 3) the Morton code based on decimal is used to directly index the original point cloud data. The coordinates are matched with the grid one by one, and the indexed data is stored through the linked list structure, which improves the space-time efficiency of data processing. Then on the basis of the lower elevation in the grid, the Kriging interpolation algorithm is used to interpolate the center point of the grid. Then the accuracy of DTM and subsidence basin model is evaluated to verify the reliability of the data processing method. 4) the point cloud data containing cylindrical objects such as vertical trunks, utility poles, etc. The center axis of the cylinder is extracted by using the stratified feature extraction method of point cloud data. The edge detection operator Hough transform is used to extract the straight line information in the point cloud data, and the intersection point between the lines is stored as the feature point for the point cloud data including the house and other angular ground objects, and the edge detection operator Hough transform is used to extract the line information contained in the point cloud data. And it is used to calculate the horizontal displacement in follow-up. The reliability of the horizontal displacement detection algorithm obtained by the high precision total station instrument is obtained. 5) aiming at the step crack, the advantage of wavelet transform in detecting the sudden change of signal is obtained. This paper detects the abrupt change of each scan line in the point cloud data, obtains the corresponding position of the crack on each scan line, and then tracks the abrupt point on the different scan line, and obtains the position of the step crack in the point cloud data. In view of the plane crack, the point cloud data is processed by image processing, and then the point cloud image is encrypted and optimized, so that the crack information is highlighted in the point cloud image. Finally, the edge detection technology in image processing is used to detect and extract the crack information, and the effect of crack detection is applied in engineering practice. The reliability of crack detection is compared with the crack location measured by high precision total station.
【學位授予單位】：中國礦業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：P642.26;P225.2

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