本文選題：開采沉陷 + 點(diǎn)云��； 參考：《中國(guó)礦業(yè)大學(xué)》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：在礦山開采沉陷研究中，為及時(shí)了解井下開采對(duì)地表的影響程度以便有效地指導(dǎo)地面建、構(gòu)筑物防護(hù)工作或井下生產(chǎn)，通常需要在地表受影響區(qū)域內(nèi)布設(shè)觀測(cè)站進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)期監(jiān)測(cè)。地面三維激光掃描技術(shù)引入礦山開采沉陷研究以后，解決了傳統(tǒng)觀測(cè)站數(shù)據(jù)量不足、觀測(cè)周期長(zhǎng)等問題，但其在該領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用仍然存在許多亟待解決的科學(xué)問題。本文結(jié)合地面三維激光掃描數(shù)據(jù)信息量豐富的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，通過提出或改進(jìn)各類算法，提出了相應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)修正模型和多種沉陷信息的提取方法，實(shí)現(xiàn)了良好的處理效果。本文主要獲得如下成果： 1)針對(duì)地面三維激光掃描技術(shù)和礦山開采沉陷監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)的國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀，詳細(xì)剖析該技術(shù)在礦山開采沉陷監(jiān)測(cè)應(yīng)用中亟待解決的科學(xué)問題，并提出相應(yīng)的研究?jī)?nèi)容和技術(shù)路線。 2)提出在數(shù)據(jù)采集前后記錄儀器的傾斜狀態(tài)并取消儀器的自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償功能的數(shù)據(jù)采集方案，并結(jié)合地面三維激光掃描原理，對(duì)傾斜角度與其測(cè)量角度誤差之間的幾何關(guān)系進(jìn)行推導(dǎo)，得出儀器傾斜對(duì)測(cè)量角度的誤差影響，繼而根據(jù)三維點(diǎn)云數(shù)據(jù)中各點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)與測(cè)量角度的數(shù)學(xué)關(guān)系，將各測(cè)量角度誤差以改正數(shù)的形式加到測(cè)量角度上進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)修正，從而消除儀器傾斜對(duì)點(diǎn)位坐標(biāo)獲取的影響。 3)利用基于十進(jìn)制的Morton碼對(duì)原始點(diǎn)云數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行直接索引，將坐標(biāo)與格網(wǎng)一一對(duì)應(yīng)，并通過鏈表結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)索引后數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行存儲(chǔ)，提高了數(shù)據(jù)處理的時(shí)空效率。繼而在網(wǎng)格內(nèi)若干高程較低點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上，采用Kriging插值算法對(duì)網(wǎng)格中心點(diǎn)進(jìn)行插值。繼而分別針對(duì)DTM和沉陷盆地模型的精度進(jìn)行了評(píng)定，從而檢驗(yàn)該數(shù)據(jù)處理方法的可靠性。 4)針對(duì)包含直立樹干、電線桿等圓柱體狀地物的點(diǎn)云數(shù)據(jù)，采用點(diǎn)云數(shù)據(jù)分層特征提取的方法將圓柱體的中心軸予以提取。針對(duì)包含房屋等棱角分明地物的點(diǎn)云數(shù)據(jù)，采用邊緣檢測(cè)算子+Hough變換對(duì)點(diǎn)云數(shù)據(jù)中包含的直線信息進(jìn)行提取，得到直線間的交點(diǎn)作為特征點(diǎn)予以存儲(chǔ)，，并用于后續(xù)的水平位移求取，通過與高精度全站儀測(cè)得的測(cè)站水平位移檢測(cè)算法的可靠性。 5)針對(duì)臺(tái)階狀裂縫，借助小波變換在信號(hào)突變檢測(cè)方面的優(yōu)勢(shì)，對(duì)點(diǎn)云數(shù)據(jù)中各掃描線上的高程突變進(jìn)行檢測(cè)，得到裂縫在各掃描線上的相應(yīng)位置，繼而追蹤不同掃描線上的突變點(diǎn)，獲得臺(tái)階狀裂縫在點(diǎn)云數(shù)據(jù)中的位置。針對(duì)平面裂縫，通過將點(diǎn)云數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行圖像化處理，繼而對(duì)點(diǎn)云圖像進(jìn)行加密優(yōu)化，使裂縫信息在點(diǎn)云圖像中得到突顯，最后采用圖像處理中的邊緣檢測(cè)技術(shù)對(duì)裂縫信息進(jìn)行檢測(cè)和提取，并將裂縫檢測(cè)效果應(yīng)用于工程實(shí)踐中，通過與高精度全站儀測(cè)得的裂縫位置進(jìn)行對(duì)比檢驗(yàn)了其可靠性。
[Abstract]:In the study of mining subsidence, in order to understand the influence of underground mining on the surface in time so as to effectively guide the surface construction, structure protection or underground production, it is usually necessary to set up observation stations in the affected area of the surface for long-term monitoring. After the introduction of 3D laser scanning technology into the study of mining subsidence, the problems of insufficient data volume and long observation period in traditional observation stations are solved. However, there are still many scientific problems to be solved in the application of laser scanning technology in this field. This paper combines the advantage of abundant information of 3D laser scanning data on the ground, proposes or improves all kinds of algorithms, puts forward the corresponding data correction model and the extraction method of many kinds of subsidence information, and realizes the good processing effect. The main achievements of this paper are as follows: 1) aiming at the research status of 3D laser scanning technology and mining subsidence monitoring technology at home and abroad, This paper analyzes in detail the scientific problems that need to be solved in the application of this technology in the monitoring of mining subsidence. The corresponding research content and technical route are put forward. 2) A data acquisition scheme is proposed to record the tilt of the instrument before and after the data acquisition and cancel the automatic compensation function of the instrument, and combine with the principle of 3D laser scanning on the ground. The geometric relationship between tilt angle and measurement angle error is deduced, and the influence of instrument tilt on measurement angle error is obtained. Then, according to the mathematical relationship between each point coordinate and measurement angle in 3D point cloud data, The errors of each measuring angle are added to the measurement angle to correct the data in order to eliminate the influence of the tilt of the instrument on the acquisition of point coordinates. 3) the Morton code based on decimal is used to directly index the original point cloud data. The coordinates are matched with the grid one by one, and the indexed data is stored through the linked list structure, which improves the space-time efficiency of data processing. Then on the basis of the lower elevation in the grid, the Kriging interpolation algorithm is used to interpolate the center point of the grid. Then the accuracy of DTM and subsidence basin model is evaluated to verify the reliability of the data processing method. 4) the point cloud data containing cylindrical objects such as vertical trunks, utility poles, etc. The center axis of the cylinder is extracted by using the stratified feature extraction method of point cloud data. The edge detection operator Hough transform is used to extract the straight line information in the point cloud data, and the intersection point between the lines is stored as the feature point for the point cloud data including the house and other angular ground objects, and the edge detection operator Hough transform is used to extract the line information contained in the point cloud data. And it is used to calculate the horizontal displacement in follow-up. The reliability of the horizontal displacement detection algorithm obtained by the high precision total station instrument is obtained. 5) aiming at the step crack, the advantage of wavelet transform in detecting the sudden change of signal is obtained. This paper detects the abrupt change of each scan line in the point cloud data, obtains the corresponding position of the crack on each scan line, and then tracks the abrupt point on the different scan line, and obtains the position of the step crack in the point cloud data. In view of the plane crack, the point cloud data is processed by image processing, and then the point cloud image is encrypted and optimized, so that the crack information is highlighted in the point cloud image. Finally, the edge detection technology in image processing is used to detect and extract the crack information, and the effect of crack detection is applied in engineering practice. The reliability of crack detection is compared with the crack location measured by high precision total station.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)礦業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：P642.26;P225.2

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