發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-03-24 11:24

  本文選題：三維虛擬地球　切入點(diǎn)：三維矢量繪制　出處：《武漢大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：隨著“數(shù)字地球”和“全球信息網(wǎng)格”的提出和實(shí)施,人們對(duì)真三維的空間信息的取得、應(yīng)用及其推廣已經(jīng)從基本的局部和地段發(fā)展到城市級(jí)、國家級(jí)和全球范圍,科學(xué)研究、軍事研究、生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用等都需要建立在海量的空間數(shù)據(jù)的基礎(chǔ)之上,GIS的發(fā)展正經(jīng)歷著從二維GIS到三維GIS的深刻轉(zhuǎn)變,正廣泛且深刻的影響和改變著人們的生活。三維GIS的發(fā)展,能夠包含和表達(dá)更加豐富的空間數(shù)據(jù),突破二維數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)客觀真實(shí)世界的表達(dá)的束縛,能重現(xiàn)人們真實(shí)世界的視覺感受,已作為未來GIS發(fā)展的方向備受企業(yè)界、學(xué)術(shù)界的關(guān)注。 在三維GIS系統(tǒng)中,在柵格數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)用方面,GoogleEarth等3維GIS軟件推出了實(shí)用化的柵格繪制技術(shù),獲得了巨大的成功,但在三維虛擬地球矢量應(yīng)用方面由于存在瓶頸問題沒有得到解決,離大規(guī)模的實(shí)用還有較大的差距。例如,目前3維軟件只顯示了主要城市的一些大比例尺的矢量數(shù)據(jù),數(shù)據(jù)精度較差,不能直觀的進(jìn)行查詢和分析,和DEM數(shù)據(jù)的結(jié)合也需加強(qiáng),此外,大規(guī)模矢量數(shù)據(jù)的組織、繪制、查詢、分析、統(tǒng)計(jì)等需要深入研究和技術(shù)攻關(guān),才能早日走向?qū)嵱没?其中,提供一個(gè)高效的矢量數(shù)據(jù)三維數(shù)據(jù)組織和繪制的解決方案是三維矢量數(shù)據(jù)查詢、分析、統(tǒng)計(jì)和輔助決策支持的基礎(chǔ),是三維GIS系統(tǒng)中一個(gè)十分重要和具有挑戰(zhàn)性的前沿研究問題。 論文針對(duì)三維矢量數(shù)據(jù)的組織和繪制的迫切需求,針對(duì)研究存在屏幕繪制精度優(yōu)化和插值數(shù)據(jù)量優(yōu)化所有割裂現(xiàn)象、結(jié)合不夠的現(xiàn)象,選取基于幾何疊加法的三維矢量數(shù)據(jù)的組織和繪制作為研究內(nèi)容,重點(diǎn)研究了考慮語義信息和基于優(yōu)化算法數(shù)據(jù)源快速無級(jí)綜合化簡、結(jié)合考慮屏幕繪制精度優(yōu)化、地形格網(wǎng)優(yōu)化矢量插值數(shù)據(jù)量優(yōu)化、矢量數(shù)據(jù)插值方法和矢量繪制數(shù)據(jù)集的一體化金字塔組織等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)問題,取得了下列具有創(chuàng)新性的研究成果：(1)分析三維矢量繪制的主要因素,提出了由三維矢量繪制的數(shù)據(jù)源、矢量數(shù)據(jù)的預(yù)處理、矢量數(shù)據(jù)的組織與儲(chǔ)存、三維繪制策略和三維矢量繪制結(jié)果的評(píng)價(jià)方法這5個(gè)因素組成的5元組模型,同時(shí),對(duì)該領(lǐng)域的研究問題進(jìn)行了總結(jié)和分類。 (2)研究了相對(duì)平坦地區(qū)的三維線狀矢量交點(diǎn)插值優(yōu)化算法。首先,通過定義屏幕繪制N像素偏差或像素失真值,給出了屏幕繪制精度的形式化度量方法。針對(duì)三維矢量繪制中的插值研究存在屏幕繪制精度優(yōu)化和插值數(shù)據(jù)量優(yōu)化有所割裂、結(jié)合不夠的現(xiàn)象,提出了結(jié)合考慮屏幕繪制精度的N像素失真地形優(yōu)化格網(wǎng)模型,給出了構(gòu)建算法。在此基礎(chǔ)上,提出了基于地形優(yōu)化格網(wǎng)模型的三維線狀矢量交點(diǎn)插值優(yōu)化頂點(diǎn)集的概念,給出了優(yōu)化頂點(diǎn)集的求解算法,該方法采用優(yōu)化后的多邊形網(wǎng)格來對(duì)矢量數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行插值,提出了對(duì)應(yīng)N像素失真的優(yōu)化地形網(wǎng)格和插值頂點(diǎn)的修正,實(shí)現(xiàn)了極端情況下的優(yōu)化網(wǎng)格的實(shí)時(shí)修正。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,該方法能夠很好的降低矢量數(shù)據(jù)插值的數(shù)據(jù)量,顯著提高矢量數(shù)據(jù)的繪制效率。 (3)提出一種基于遺傳算法求取河網(wǎng)主流最優(yōu)解的策略和方法,首先將河網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)的問題看作選取主流的問題,將選取主流的問題看作一個(gè)全局最優(yōu)的問題,在全局優(yōu)化的問題中綜合考慮拓?fù)湫畔⒑驼Z義信息。提出了使用遺傳算法的求解策略。求取河流的主流,再建立河流的層次結(jié)構(gòu),實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證了該方案的有效性。遺傳算法能夠綜合考慮拓?fù)湫畔⒑退�、地形等語義信息,能夠更為準(zhǔn)確的找到河網(wǎng)的主流,是一種易于擴(kuò)展、性能穩(wěn)定的優(yōu)化求解河網(wǎng)主流最優(yōu)解方案。 (4)研究和實(shí)現(xiàn)了屏幕顯示條件下河網(wǎng)數(shù)據(jù)的快速無級(jí)綜合。在確定了河流的主流之后,使用常用的Horton編碼,對(duì)水系數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分級(jí)和結(jié)構(gòu)化,之后通過三維環(huán)境下的無級(jí)綜合的動(dòng)態(tài)分解尺度選取綜合化簡的要素,運(yùn)用論文提出的綜合算子,實(shí)現(xiàn)了屏幕顯示條件下河網(wǎng)數(shù)據(jù)的快速無級(jí)綜合。 (5)提出了一種三維矢量數(shù)據(jù)組織方法,使用等間隔經(jīng)緯度格網(wǎng)的方式對(duì)球面進(jìn)行剖分,建立一種不完全的區(qū)域四叉樹,將原始的矢量數(shù)據(jù)與地形數(shù)據(jù)、優(yōu)化后的矢量數(shù)據(jù)與地形數(shù)據(jù)、簡化后的矢量數(shù)據(jù)和數(shù)據(jù)塊的元數(shù)據(jù)這幾個(gè)部分構(gòu)建成新的數(shù)據(jù)塊,并將這種新的數(shù)據(jù)塊作為金字塔的基本元素建立矢量金字塔,最后,使用了大文件+索引的方式實(shí)現(xiàn)了服務(wù)端對(duì)矢量數(shù)據(jù)塊的快速查詢。 (6)提出了動(dòng)態(tài)綜合調(diào)用的優(yōu)化繪制方法,在矢量數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行繪制時(shí),充分利用制圖綜合后的多比例尺數(shù)據(jù)和多等級(jí)各優(yōu)化地形網(wǎng)格,在盡量減少繪制失真的情況下,盡可能地提高了繪制效率。 (7)研發(fā)了三維矢量繪制的原型系統(tǒng),實(shí)現(xiàn)了論文提出的理論和方法,選用典型數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn),驗(yàn)證了提出的論文提出的理論和方法的正確性.
[Abstract]:With putting forward and implementation of "Digital Earth" and "global information grid", people get the spatial information of true 3D, applications and promotion have been developed from the basic level to the city and lots of local, national and global, scientific research, military research and production should be used should be established on the basis of space the huge amount of data, the development of GIS is experiencing profound change from 2D GIS to 3D GIS, widespread and profound influence and change people's life. The development of 3D GIS, and the expression of spatial data can contain more abundant, breaking the shackles of two-dimensional data on the expression of the objective of the real world, people can reproduce the vision of the real world experience, has as the future development direction of the GIS by business community, the attention of academic circles.
In the 3D GIS system, in the raster data applications, GoogleEarth 3 dimensional GIS software introduced a practical grid mapping technique, has achieved great success, but in the virtual 3D Earth vector application due to bottleneck problems have not been resolved, from the large-scale. There is a large gap. For example, the 3 dimension the software only shows some large scale vector data of the main city, poor accuracy of data, query and analysis is not intuitive, and combined with the DEM data also need to be strengthened, in addition, large vector data organization, drawing, query, analysis, statistics, need further research and technology research, in order to become practical, which provide an efficient vector data 3D data organization and rendering solutions of 3D vector data query, analysis, basic statistics and decision support, is a three-dimensional GIS system A very important and challenging frontier research issue.
Aiming at the urgent needs of the organization and rendering of 3D vector data, based on existing screen rendering all fragmentation precision optimization and interpolation data, combined with the insufficient, the selection of 3D vector data organization based on geometric superposition method and drawing as the research content, focus on the consideration of semantic information and fast optimization algorithm based on variable data comprehensive simplification, considering the screen drawing precision optimization, optimization of vector interpolation terrain grid data, the key technical problems of vector data interpolation method and vector drawing data set organization integration in Pyramid, research results obtained the following innovative: (1) the main factors analysis of 3D vector drawing, proposed by drawing the 3D vector data source, pretreatment of vector data organization and storage of vector data, 3D rendering and 3D vector strategy The evaluation method of the results is the 5 tuple model of the 5 factors. At the same time, the research problems in this field are summarized and classified.
(2) to study the optimization algorithm for 3D linear interpolation of vector intersection flat area. Firstly, through the definition of drawing on the screen N pixels or pixel value distortion deviation, formal measurement method of screen drawing precision is given. According to the interpolation of 3D vector drawing in the screen drawing precision optimization and data interpolation optimization has split, combination the insufficient, proposed considering N pixel screen rendering precision terrain distortion optimization grid model, gives the construction algorithm. On this basis, put forward the concept of optimal interpolation vector intersection vertex set like three-dimensional terrain line optimization based on grid model, gives the optimization algorithm for solving vertex set, the method uses polygonal mesh optimization after the interpolation of vector data, put forward the corresponding optimization N pixel distortion correction and interpolation of terrain mesh vertices, the extreme case The experiment shows that this method can reduce the amount of data interpolated by vector data well and improve the rendering efficiency of vector data remarkably.
(3) put forward strategies and a method based on genetic algorithm to find the optimal solution of the main river, the river network structure selection problem as the mainstream, the mainstream will be selected as a global optimization problem in global optimization problem in the topology information and semantic information. Considering the problem solving strategy the use of genetic algorithm. For the River mainstream, then establish hierarchical structure of the river, the experiment proves the validity of the proposed scheme. Genetic algorithm can consider the topology information and hydrology, topography and other semantic information, can more accurately find the River mainstream, is an easy extension, stable performance optimization solution the mainstream of river network optimal solution.
(4) the research and Realization of screen display stepless speed under the condition of network. After determining the River mainstream, using the Horton encoding used, classification and structure of data stream, followed by elements in 3D environment continuously integrated dynamic decomposition scale selection comprehensive simplification, using comprehensive operator the screen display realizes stepless speed under the condition of network.
(5) put forward a kind of 3D vector data organization method, using interval longitude latitude grid method to partition the sphere, establish an incomplete area of four binary tree, the original vector data and terrain data, vector data and terrain data after optimization, metadata and data blocks to simplify the vector data after the construction of new blocks into several parts, and the new data block as the basic elements of the establishment of the Pyramid Pyramid vector, finally, the use of a large file + index way to achieve fast query server of vector data block.
(6) put forward the method of dynamic synthesis call optimization. When drawing vector data, we should make full use of the multi-scale data and multi-level topographic grid after drawing, so as to minimize rendering distortion and improve the rendering efficiency as much as possible.
(7) the prototype system of 3D vector rendering is developed, and the theory and method put forward by the paper are implemented. Relevant experiments are done with typical data, which verifies the correctness of the theory and method put forward by the proposed paper.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：P208

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