本文關(guān)鍵詞： 衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng) GPS擬合高程 參考橢球 投影方式 精度分析　出處：《吉林大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：一向有著“世界原材料庫”之稱的非洲，是具有豐富資源的大陸板塊，全球50多種最重要礦產(chǎn)其中，非洲至少就有17種，而且蘊(yùn)藏量居全球之首。中非經(jīng)濟(jì)具有很強(qiáng)的互補(bǔ)性,非洲國家希望通過開發(fā)資源積累資金，促進(jìn)自身經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。非洲也同我國世代友好，經(jīng)濟(jì)文化交流密切，中國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展了，會帶動世代友好的非洲兄弟國家，中國企業(yè)“走出去”是中國自身經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的需要，中國企業(yè)“走出去”又可以為其他發(fā)展中國家?guī)?shí)實(shí)在在的發(fā)展成果。越來越多的工程在非洲大地進(jìn)行，那么測量是工程的開展先驅(qū)，讓非洲國家分享中國測繪技術(shù)成果，讓中國越來越多先進(jìn)地理信息平臺技術(shù)可以在非洲開展。尤其是最近幾年來中國“走出去”政策的開展，更多的中國人去往非洲大地，更多的項(xiàng)目在非洲大地進(jìn)行。隨著工程測量的任務(wù)越來越多，有必要對非洲測量熟悉和掌握[1]。 隨著美國GPS、俄羅斯GLONASS、歐盟Galileo、中國北斗系統(tǒng)的全面建設(shè)和發(fā)展,衛(wèi)星的定位精度已經(jīng)可以滿足高精度測量需求[4]。本文是來源于對非援建，取材于非洲贊比亞首都改建市政路網(wǎng)工程實(shí)踐，工程測量貫穿了道路改建工程的始終。為順利開展工作，首先必須弄清贊比亞國家坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)的有關(guān)參數(shù)，收集整合相關(guān)的其國家控制資料，進(jìn)而從實(shí)際出發(fā)制定高效率的作業(yè)計(jì)劃[1]，以保證工程質(zhì)量，并且提高工作效率。本文論述了非洲贊比亞測量系統(tǒng)大地基準(zhǔn)、參考橢球、投影方式等主要特點(diǎn)，利用衛(wèi)星定位測量大地點(diǎn)已經(jīng)獲得很高的精度并廣泛運(yùn)用于各種工程中；從工作實(shí)際出發(fā)，提出了非洲工程測量的應(yīng)對方法，分析了坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)建立、作業(yè)方法、星歷預(yù)報(bào)、控制布網(wǎng)原則、內(nèi)業(yè)處理、精度分析，RTK的使用方法，手持GPS參數(shù)計(jì)算和設(shè)置方法和應(yīng)對措施；通過高程歸化和高斯正形投影的距離改化、全站儀測距邊長與GPS反算邊長對比驗(yàn)證了此次非洲工程坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)使用的準(zhǔn)確性，探討了衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)擬合高程代替等外水準(zhǔn)高程的可行性；衛(wèi)星定位技術(shù)在非洲控制測量中減輕了野外測量人員的勞動強(qiáng)度，提高了內(nèi)外業(yè)工作效率，而且獲取了更高精度的成果[1]，從而獲得衛(wèi)星定位技術(shù)要構(gòu)成幾何網(wǎng)形和避開不利時段等體會，對在非洲開展測繪工作提供經(jīng)驗(yàn)案例。 衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)在國內(nèi)工程應(yīng)用已經(jīng)非常普及，國家鼓勵開拓國際市場。本文題材來源于中國對非洲道路援建的項(xiàng)目，論述了以衛(wèi)星定位為技術(shù)手段在非洲大地測量的經(jīng)驗(yàn)以及應(yīng)對方法，通過贊比亞盧薩卡市路網(wǎng)改造項(xiàng)目實(shí)踐[11]，獲得了一些心得體會，為以后中國人再去非洲做工程提供了案例經(jīng)驗(yàn)。本文主要研究內(nèi)容及成果如下： 1、概述了贊比亞地理位置、氣候，路網(wǎng)等情況，分析了收集已有的測量資料和利用情況； 2、分析了非洲大地基準(zhǔn)、參考橢球、投影方式等主要特點(diǎn)，通過收集各種資料，闡述了贊比亞盧薩卡市的坐標(biāo)系特點(diǎn)，獲得了南半球UTM投影，球面基準(zhǔn)采用ARC1950，橢球體使用克拉克1880，，中央子午線為東經(jīng)27°等重要大地測量參數(shù)； 3、從工作實(shí)際出發(fā)，利用衛(wèi)星定位儀器測量進(jìn)行大地測量，通過星歷預(yù)報(bào)避開不利時段，首級控制網(wǎng)要構(gòu)成幾何網(wǎng)形，從而衛(wèi)星定位技術(shù)才能夠獲得很高的精度，論述了RTK在當(dāng)?shù)厥褂米⒁馐马?xiàng)和手持GPS的五個參數(shù)如何求得。進(jìn)而為市政路網(wǎng)改建工程順利開展提供重要的基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)，并可以廣泛運(yùn)用于非洲各類工程中； 4、進(jìn)行了高程歸化和高斯正形投影的距離改化、全站儀測距邊長與GPS反算邊長對比驗(yàn)證了此次非洲工程坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)的準(zhǔn)確性，達(dá)到城市測量每公里長度變形小于2.5Cm的要求，保證了高精度測量的要求； 5、探討了衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)擬合高程代替等外水準(zhǔn)高程的可行性，通過做過的四等水準(zhǔn)控制點(diǎn)和擬合高程對比，分析了擬合高程的穩(wěn)定性，可以達(dá)到等外水準(zhǔn)測量的要求； 6、展望了中國在非洲大地使用國內(nèi)先進(jìn)技術(shù)開展測繪工程的前景，隨著中國北斗的出臺，基于GNSS的四星定位技術(shù)已經(jīng)成為非洲更多工程使用的可能，非洲也有著廣闊的地理信息測繪的市場。
[Abstract]:There has been "world raw materials" said Africa is resource rich continent, the most important one of the world's 50 kinds of mineral resources, Africa at least 17, and reserves ranking first in the world. In the non economic and highly complementary, African countries hope to develop resource accumulation funds to promote their economic development. In Africa, but also with our friendship for generations, close economic and cultural exchanges, Chinese economic development, will promote the friendship for generations of African brothers, China enterprises to "go out" is needed to China its sustainable economic development, China enterprises to "go out" and for other developing countries to bring tangible development results. In more and more engineering land in Africa, then the measurement is project pioneer, let African countries share Chinese surveying and mapping technology, more and more advanced geographic information for Chinese Ping Taiwan technology can be carried out in Africa. Especially in recent years, China's "going out" policy has been carried out. More Chinese people are going to Africa. More projects are being carried out in Africa. With the increasing number of missions in engineering surveying, it is necessary to know and master [1]. in Africa.
With the American GPS, the Russian GLONASS, European Galileo, the construction and development of a comprehensive Chinese Beidou system, satellite positioning accuracy can meet the demand of high precision measurement of [4]. in this paper is to non reconstruction, based on the African capital of Zambia municipal road network reconstruction project, engineering measurement through the road reconstruction project has to work smoothly. The relevant parameters, find the Zambia national coordinate system must first collect and integrate related to the state control information, and develop high efficiency from the reality of the operation plan [1], to ensure the engineering quality, and improve work efficiency. This paper discusses the measurement system of Africa Zambia geodetic datum, ellipsoid, projection and other major features, the use of satellite positioning measurement locations already obtain high precision and widely used in various engineering work; from the reality, proposed Methods to deal with delta engineering measurement, analyzes the establishment, operation method, ephemeris coordinate system, control network principle, industry processing, precision analysis, using the method of RTK, handheld GPS parameter calculation and setting methods and measures; the elevation of domestication and Gauss conformal projection of the change of the distance, total station location and length GPS inverse length compared to verify the accuracy of the use of the African engineering coordinate system, discusses the feasibility of GPS height fitting for substandard leveling; satellite positioning technology in Africa control measure in reducing the labor intensity of field measurement personnel, improve work efficiency and get inside and outside the industry, the higher accuracy of the results of [1]. In order to obtain satellite positioning technology to constitute of geometric network form and avoid unfavorable period, provide the experience of case to carry out surveying and mapping work in Africa.
Satellite positioning system has been very popular in domestic engineering applications, the State encourages to develop the international market. This paper comes from the subject China reconstruction for African road project, discusses the experience with satellite positioning technology of Geodesy in Africa and the coping methods, through the practice of [11] network reconstruction project in Zambia city of Lusaka, gained some experience, do provides a case for Chinese engineering experience to go to Africa. The main research contents and results of this paper are as follows:
1, the geographical location, climate, road network, and so on in Zambia are summarized, and the existing data and utilization are analyzed.
2, analysis of the African geodetic datum, ellipsoid, projection and other major features, by collecting various data, expounds the characteristics of Zambia coordinate system in Lusaka City, the southern hemisphere UTM projection, spherical reference ellipsoid used by ARC1950, Clark 1880, the central meridians of longitude 27 degrees and other important geodetic parameters;
3, starting from the practice of using geodetic satellite positioning, measuring instrument, the ephemeris to avoid bad time, the primary control network to form a geometric network shape, can obtain high precision and satellite positioning technology, discusses the RTK note and holding the five parameter of GPS and how to obtain locally. The municipal road reconstruction project is carried out smoothly to provide important basic data, and can be widely used in all kinds of projects in africa;
4, the elevation of domestication and Gauss projection distance change, total station location and length GPS inverse length compared to verify the accuracy of the African engineering coordinate system, achieve the city measurement requirement of less than 2.5Cm per kilometer length deformation, to ensure high precision measurement;
5, we discussed the feasibility of the satellite positioning system instead of the outer leveling height, and analyzed the stability of the fitting height by comparing the four level control points and the fitting height.
6, we look forward to the prospect of China's use of advanced technology in Africa to carry out surveying and mapping projects. With the introduction of China's Beidou, the GNSS based four-star positioning technology has become the potential for more engineering projects in Africa. Africa also has vast geographic information mapping market.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：U412.2;P228.1

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