發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-01-03 19:15

  本文關(guān)鍵詞：基于GIS的北京地區(qū)山洪災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)區(qū)劃研究　出處：《首都師范大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 地理信息系統(tǒng) 山洪災(zāi)害 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)區(qū)劃 北京山區(qū)

【摘要】：我國(guó)山洪災(zāi)害發(fā)生頻繁,山洪災(zāi)害嚴(yán)重威脅著人們的生命和財(cái)產(chǎn)等的安全,是當(dāng)前防災(zāi)減災(zāi)中的突出問(wèn)題。據(jù)官方統(tǒng)計(jì),我國(guó)每年因山洪災(zāi)害對(duì)國(guó)家和人民生命財(cái)產(chǎn)造成的損失約占自然災(zāi)害造成的總損失的40%左右。我國(guó)山洪災(zāi)害的整體特征是災(zāi)害影響的范圍廣、災(zāi)害發(fā)生頻繁、危害巨大、地域差異顯著。 山洪災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)區(qū)劃就是一種行之有效的變被動(dòng)抗災(zāi)為主動(dòng)避災(zāi)的一項(xiàng)防洪減災(zāi)非工程措施。作為防洪減災(zāi)體系中重要的組成部分,它對(duì)防汛部門(mén)進(jìn)行科學(xué)指揮決策,有效避險(xiǎn),對(duì)水利部門(mén)科學(xué)地確定防洪標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)劃防洪工程建設(shè),為城鎮(zhèn)建設(shè)、土地規(guī)劃、各個(gè)行業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)和人民生活等提供防洪減災(zāi)、避險(xiǎn)等方面的技術(shù)指導(dǎo)與服務(wù),有效避免洪澇災(zāi)害損失等都具有重要意義。 本文在分析北京山區(qū)的自然環(huán)境背景和人文環(huán)境背景的基礎(chǔ)上,根據(jù)自然災(zāi)害系統(tǒng)理論,從致災(zāi)因子、孕災(zāi)環(huán)境和承災(zāi)體三個(gè)方面分別選取評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo),綜合考慮到降水、地形、水系以及人口和耕地等因子,建立了北京地區(qū)山洪災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)區(qū)劃的指標(biāo)體系。分別選取地表高程、坡度、河網(wǎng)密度、月平均降雨量、最大24小時(shí)及6小時(shí)降雨量、地質(zhì)環(huán)境作為危險(xiǎn)性指標(biāo)；選取人口密度、耕地面積百分比、交通路網(wǎng)作為易損性指標(biāo)。利用AHP法對(duì)每個(gè)影響因子賦予權(quán)重,運(yùn)用GIS空間分析分別得到了北京山區(qū)山洪水災(zāi)害危險(xiǎn)性分布圖及易損性圖。通過(guò)對(duì)北京山區(qū)山洪災(zāi)害危險(xiǎn)性分布圖及易損性圖在ArcGIS軟件中的疊加分析,利用自然斷裂法將研究區(qū)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等級(jí)分為低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、中低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、中等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)四個(gè)等級(jí),得出研究的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分布圖。最后根據(jù)災(zāi)害學(xué)中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)區(qū)劃的原則以鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)為單元進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)區(qū)劃,并得到風(fēng)險(xiǎn)區(qū)劃圖。根據(jù)區(qū)劃結(jié)果,北京市相關(guān)部門(mén)可根據(jù)各鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等級(jí)的大小及各鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)的實(shí)際情況開(kāi)展更科學(xué)、更有效及更具有針對(duì)性的防洪減災(zāi)工作,并根據(jù)不同鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)的特定,因地制宜地制定各鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)的防洪措施。
[Abstract]:Mountain torrents occur frequently in our country, which seriously threaten the safety of people's lives and property. It is a prominent problem in disaster prevention and mitigation, according to official statistics. The loss of life and property caused by mountain torrents every year in China accounts for about 40% of the total losses caused by natural disasters. The overall characteristic of mountain torrents in China is the wide range of disasters. Disasters occur frequently, great harm, significant regional differences. Mountain torrent hazard risk zoning is an effective non-engineering measure of flood control and disaster mitigation, which is an important part of flood control and disaster reduction system. It carries on the scientific command decision to the flood prevention department, effectively avoids the risk, determines the flood control standard and the plan flood control engineering construction scientifically to the water conservancy department, for the town construction, the land plan. It is of great significance to provide technical guidance and service for flood control and disaster reduction and risk avoidance in various industries, such as production and operation and people's daily life, and to effectively avoid the loss of flood and waterlogging disaster. On the basis of analyzing the background of natural environment and human environment in Beijing mountainous area, according to the theory of natural disaster system, this paper selects the evaluation index from three aspects: disaster factors, disaster environment and disaster bearing body. Taking into account the factors of precipitation, topography, water system, population and cultivated land, the index system of flood hazard risk regionalization in Beijing is established. The surface elevation, slope, river network density and monthly average rainfall are selected respectively. Maximum 24 and 6 hours rainfall, geological environment as a hazard index; Choose population density, percentage of cultivated land area, traffic network as vulnerability index. Use AHP method to give weight to each influence factor. The hazard distribution map and vulnerability map of mountain flood disaster in Beijing mountainous area were obtained by using GIS spatial analysis. The superposition of hazard distribution map and vulnerability map of mountain flood disaster in Beijing mountainous area in ArcGIS software. Analysis. By using the natural fracture method, the risk grade of the study area is divided into four grades: low risk, middle risk, middle risk and high risk. Finally, according to the principle of risk regionalization in disaster science, the risk zoning of villages and towns is taken as the unit, and the risk zoning map is obtained. The relevant departments in Beijing can carry out more scientific, more effective and more targeted flood control and disaster reduction work according to the size of each township risk level and the actual situation of each township, and according to the specific situation of different towns. Measures for flood control in various towns and villages should be formulated according to local conditions.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：首都師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：P426.616;P208

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