北半球末次冰盛期多年凍土分布特征
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-09 13:48
【摘要】：末次盛冰期以來地球氣候發(fā)生了巨大的變化,其中氣溫的上升以及大氣中碳含量的顯著增加是兩個重要特征。末次冰期多年凍土曾經向南大范圍擴張,究竟從整個北半球來看古凍土分布達到什么程度,是一個亟待解決的問題。同時,進入全新世大暖期之后,多年凍土出現(xiàn)了大范圍的退化,多項研究表明,多年凍土的退化對大氣溫度的正反饋效應是不可忽視的一部分。目前多年凍土中保存有大量的碳,其數(shù)量比大氣中碳含量的兩倍還多。多年凍土退化將會有多少碳釋放到大氣中,以及大氣中碳含量的增加將會導致全球氣溫進一步升高多少等都是研究古凍土與氣候變化的一個新的熱點領域。本研究通過參與國際凍土協(xié)會(IPA)北半球古凍土圖編制工作小組,收集到了經過國際凍土協(xié)會認可的各個多年凍土區(qū)古凍土分布圖、古冰蓋分布圖、連續(xù)與不連續(xù)古多年凍土界限以及殘余多年凍土資料圖,結合末次冰期裸露的地表、DEM提取的現(xiàn)代海拔高度等數(shù)據(jù)制作比例尺為1：2000萬,分辨率較高的北半球古凍土最盛期分布圖(The LPM Map)。并利用該地圖數(shù)據(jù)計算末次冰盛期古凍土分布特征和不同條件下凍土的分布與現(xiàn)代凍土分布的對比,同時,計算出末次盛冰期(LGM)以來多年凍土區(qū)退化的面積及特征。需要說明的是該地圖具有一定的局限性,比如,殘余多年凍土數(shù)據(jù)不是很精確；連續(xù)與不連續(xù)多年凍土界線僅在低海拔地區(qū)標注出來,在高海拔地區(qū)因為受到諸多因素的影響而沒有標注；隨著新的古冰緣現(xiàn)象的發(fā)現(xiàn)該地圖是暫時的并且具有即時更新性。文章根據(jù)最新版的凍土分布地圖提出了古凍土分布特征和面積統(tǒng)計：以現(xiàn)代海岸線為標準,北半球末次冰盛期古多年凍土(LPM)總面積為50.32×106km2(包括冰蓋下陸地),歐亞大陸上分布的多年凍土區(qū)占總面積的2/3以上,LPM面積占北半球陸地面積的52.77%；除去冰蓋下的陸地面積,這個數(shù)字為33.5×106kmm2。若以LGM時期的大陸面積計算,LPM面積為58.03×106kmm2。末次冰期古冰蓋面積為21.344×106kmm2,主要分為北美、歐洲、格陵蘭和西伯利亞四個冰蓋區(qū)。古多年凍土分布的特征：古多年凍土曾廣泛分布于北半球,整個北半球的非高山地帶45。N以北區(qū)域基本都屬于多年凍土區(qū),而在中國中東部最南可達37。N。高山地帶的多年凍土下界在1000m-2000m之間,北美洲古多年凍土下界略高于青藏高原古多年凍土下界。末次冰期古多年凍土在緯度分布上與現(xiàn)代多年凍土一樣有三個峰值,分別在30°-400N、45°-48°N和66°N附近,但在30°-40°N的峰值較為平緩；在經度分布上90°W和90°E是古多年凍土分布的最大經度帶,與現(xiàn)代多年凍土一樣均有兩個分布峰值,但兩個峰值的差值沒有現(xiàn)代多年凍土的大；在海拔分布上古多年凍土主要分布在海拔1000m以下的區(qū)域,但2000-5000m比現(xiàn)代多年凍土分布更多的凍土面積。研究多年凍土的退化情況發(fā)現(xiàn),多年凍土區(qū)面積減少約27.53×106km2,退化的面積比現(xiàn)代多年凍土區(qū)面積還多4.74×106km2：海底多年凍土面積估計為：6.85×106km2,而殘余多年凍土區(qū)面積(不包括海底多年凍土)在9.40-9.92×106km2之間。LPM在歐洲地區(qū)退化最為嚴重,南界從45°N附近退化至斯堪的納維亞半島以北,退化幅度為15～22個緯度；在青藏高原地區(qū)以及中亞高山地區(qū)古凍土分布下界由1500-2000m上升到3500-5300m左右；中國東部地區(qū)LPM退化面積相對較少,由秦嶺-黃河-山東半島一線退縮至黑龍江北部一代,約8個緯度左右；北美洲北部大部分地區(qū)被冰蓋所覆蓋,多年凍土南界與局部地形因素有關,LPM的退化較為均勻具有良好的梯度性,退化幅度為8-15個緯度。這與前人的研究結果相似,但本文中的結果更加宏觀,變化幅度更大。本文的研究結果較為宏觀的提出了北半球末次冰期古多年凍土的分布特征以及面積統(tǒng)計,為多年凍土退化的碳釋放量的估算提供了數(shù)據(jù)支持。本研究也是對前人研究的一個綜合,將各個地區(qū)的古凍土的研究放在更大的尺度上分析與描述,接下來的研究需要探究古氣候變化與古多年凍土退化之間的關系,并且根據(jù)現(xiàn)代多年凍土碳密度、IPCC報告中的相關數(shù)據(jù)以及多年凍土退化的面積,可以粗略得出末次冰期以來因多年凍土退化碳排放增加而對大氣中碳含量增加的貢獻值。
[Abstract]:Great changes have taken place in the earth's climate since the last glacial period. The rise of the temperature and the significant increase of the carbon content in the atmosphere are two important features. The permafrost in the last glacial extended to the south, and the extent to which the distribution of the permafrost from the whole northern hemisphere is to be solved is an urgent problem. After the Holocene warm period, permafrost has been degraded in a wide range. Many studies have shown that the positive feedback effect of permafrost degradation on atmospheric temperature is an innegligible part. There is a large amount of carbon stored in permafrost, more than two times the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. How much carbon release will be released in permafrost degradation In the atmosphere, and the increase in carbon content in the atmosphere will lead to a further increase in global temperature and so on. It is a new hot area to study the changes in the permafrost and climate. By participating in the working group of the northern hemisphere palaeo permafrost map, this study collects the various many approved by the international tundra Association. The distribution map of the palaeo permafrost in the permafrost region, the distribution map of the ancient ice cover, the boundary of continuous and discontinuous permafrost and the data of the residual permafrost, combined with the bare surface of the last glacial period, and the modern elevation height of the DEM extracted by the data of 1:2000 million and the highest resolution of the northern hemisphere palaeo permafrost (The LPM Map). This map is used to calculate the distribution characteristics of the palaeo permafrost in the last ice age and the distribution of permafrost under different conditions. At the same time, the area and characteristics of the degradation in permafrost region since the last glacial period (LGM) are calculated. It should be explained that the map has a definite limitation, for example, the residual permafrost data is not. It is accurate; continuous and discontinuous permafrost boundaries are marked only at low altitudes, and are not labeled at high altitudes because of many factors. With the discovery of the new palaeo palaeo permafrost, the map is temporary and has immediate renewal. The article based on the latest version of the frozen soil map. Distribution characteristics and area statistics: with the modern coastline as the standard, the total area of the old permafrost (LPM) in the last glacial period in the northern hemisphere is 50.32 * 106km2 (including the ice covered land). The permafrost regions on the Eurasian continent account for more than 2/3 of the total area of the total area, and the area of the LPM occupies 52.77% of the land area in the northern hemisphere; the land area under the ice cover is removed, this number The 33.5 x 106kmm2. is calculated in the continental area of the LGM period. The area of the LPM area of the last glacial period of 58.03 x 106kmm2. is 21.344 x 106kmm2, mainly divided into four ice cover areas of North America, Europe, Greenland and Siberia. The characteristics of the paleo Permafrost Distribution: the ancient permafrost was widely distributed in the northern hemisphere and the whole northern hemisphere was not Alpine The northern region of the zone of 45.N is basically permafrost region, while the Permafrost Boundary in the most South reaches of 37.N. alpine zone in the Middle East of China is 1000m-2000m, and the lower Permafrost Boundary in the North American paleo permafrost is slightly higher than that of the palaeo permafrost lower boundary of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. The last glacial permafrost in the latitudinal distribution was the same as that of the modern permafrost in the latitude distribution. The peak values are in the vicinity of 30 -400N, 45 -48 N and 66 degree N, but the peak value at 30 degree -40 N is relatively gentle; 90 degree W and 90 degree E are the largest longitude zones of the ancient Permafrost Distribution on the distribution of longitude, and there are two distribution peaks as in the modern permafrost, but the difference values of the two peaks are not larger than those of the modern permafrost. The annual permafrost mainly distributes in the area below 1000m altitude, but 2000-5000m is more permafrost area than the modern permafrost. The study of permafrost degradation shows that the area of permafrost area is reduced by about 27.53 x 106km2, and the degraded area is 4.74 x 106km2 more than that of the modern permafrost area: the area of the permafrost is estimated as: 6.85 x 106km2, and the residual permafrost area (excluding the permafrost of the seabed) between 9.40-9.92 * 106km2 and.LPM is the most serious degradation in the European region. The southern boundary degenerates from 45 degree N to the north of Scandinavia Peninsula, and the degradation is 15~22 latitudes, and the lower boundary of the palaeo permafrost in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and the Middle Asian alpine region is the lower boundary. 1500-2000m is up to about 3500-5300m, and the degraded area of LPM in eastern China is relatively small, from Qinling Mountains the Yellow River Shandong Peninsula to a generation in northern Heilongjiang, about 8 latitudes. Most of northern North America is covered by ice cover, and the southern permafrost boundary is related to local terrain factors, and the degradation of LPM is more uniform. A good gradient is 8-15 latitudes, which is similar to the results of previous studies, but the results in this paper are more macroscopic and larger. The results of this study put forward the distribution characteristics and area statistics of the paleo permafrost in the last glacial period in the northern hemisphere, and estimate the carbon release of permafrost degradation. This study is also a synthesis of previous studies. The study of permafrost in various regions is analyzed and described on a larger scale. The next study needs to explore the relationship between paleoclimate change and paleopermafrost degradation, and the related data in the IPCC report are based on the carbon density of the modern multi-year permafrost. And the area of permafrost degradation can be used to estimate the contribution of carbon emissions to the increase of atmospheric carbon content since the last ice age.
【學位授予單位】：蘭州大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：P642.14
本文編號：2174263
[Abstract]:Great changes have taken place in the earth's climate since the last glacial period. The rise of the temperature and the significant increase of the carbon content in the atmosphere are two important features. The permafrost in the last glacial extended to the south, and the extent to which the distribution of the permafrost from the whole northern hemisphere is to be solved is an urgent problem. After the Holocene warm period, permafrost has been degraded in a wide range. Many studies have shown that the positive feedback effect of permafrost degradation on atmospheric temperature is an innegligible part. There is a large amount of carbon stored in permafrost, more than two times the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. How much carbon release will be released in permafrost degradation In the atmosphere, and the increase in carbon content in the atmosphere will lead to a further increase in global temperature and so on. It is a new hot area to study the changes in the permafrost and climate. By participating in the working group of the northern hemisphere palaeo permafrost map, this study collects the various many approved by the international tundra Association. The distribution map of the palaeo permafrost in the permafrost region, the distribution map of the ancient ice cover, the boundary of continuous and discontinuous permafrost and the data of the residual permafrost, combined with the bare surface of the last glacial period, and the modern elevation height of the DEM extracted by the data of 1:2000 million and the highest resolution of the northern hemisphere palaeo permafrost (The LPM Map). This map is used to calculate the distribution characteristics of the palaeo permafrost in the last ice age and the distribution of permafrost under different conditions. At the same time, the area and characteristics of the degradation in permafrost region since the last glacial period (LGM) are calculated. It should be explained that the map has a definite limitation, for example, the residual permafrost data is not. It is accurate; continuous and discontinuous permafrost boundaries are marked only at low altitudes, and are not labeled at high altitudes because of many factors. With the discovery of the new palaeo palaeo permafrost, the map is temporary and has immediate renewal. The article based on the latest version of the frozen soil map. Distribution characteristics and area statistics: with the modern coastline as the standard, the total area of the old permafrost (LPM) in the last glacial period in the northern hemisphere is 50.32 * 106km2 (including the ice covered land). The permafrost regions on the Eurasian continent account for more than 2/3 of the total area of the total area, and the area of the LPM occupies 52.77% of the land area in the northern hemisphere; the land area under the ice cover is removed, this number The 33.5 x 106kmm2. is calculated in the continental area of the LGM period. The area of the LPM area of the last glacial period of 58.03 x 106kmm2. is 21.344 x 106kmm2, mainly divided into four ice cover areas of North America, Europe, Greenland and Siberia. The characteristics of the paleo Permafrost Distribution: the ancient permafrost was widely distributed in the northern hemisphere and the whole northern hemisphere was not Alpine The northern region of the zone of 45.N is basically permafrost region, while the Permafrost Boundary in the most South reaches of 37.N. alpine zone in the Middle East of China is 1000m-2000m, and the lower Permafrost Boundary in the North American paleo permafrost is slightly higher than that of the palaeo permafrost lower boundary of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. The last glacial permafrost in the latitudinal distribution was the same as that of the modern permafrost in the latitude distribution. The peak values are in the vicinity of 30 -400N, 45 -48 N and 66 degree N, but the peak value at 30 degree -40 N is relatively gentle; 90 degree W and 90 degree E are the largest longitude zones of the ancient Permafrost Distribution on the distribution of longitude, and there are two distribution peaks as in the modern permafrost, but the difference values of the two peaks are not larger than those of the modern permafrost. The annual permafrost mainly distributes in the area below 1000m altitude, but 2000-5000m is more permafrost area than the modern permafrost. The study of permafrost degradation shows that the area of permafrost area is reduced by about 27.53 x 106km2, and the degraded area is 4.74 x 106km2 more than that of the modern permafrost area: the area of the permafrost is estimated as: 6.85 x 106km2, and the residual permafrost area (excluding the permafrost of the seabed) between 9.40-9.92 * 106km2 and.LPM is the most serious degradation in the European region. The southern boundary degenerates from 45 degree N to the north of Scandinavia Peninsula, and the degradation is 15~22 latitudes, and the lower boundary of the palaeo permafrost in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and the Middle Asian alpine region is the lower boundary. 1500-2000m is up to about 3500-5300m, and the degraded area of LPM in eastern China is relatively small, from Qinling Mountains the Yellow River Shandong Peninsula to a generation in northern Heilongjiang, about 8 latitudes. Most of northern North America is covered by ice cover, and the southern permafrost boundary is related to local terrain factors, and the degradation of LPM is more uniform. A good gradient is 8-15 latitudes, which is similar to the results of previous studies, but the results in this paper are more macroscopic and larger. The results of this study put forward the distribution characteristics and area statistics of the paleo permafrost in the last glacial period in the northern hemisphere, and estimate the carbon release of permafrost degradation. This study is also a synthesis of previous studies. The study of permafrost in various regions is analyzed and described on a larger scale. The next study needs to explore the relationship between paleoclimate change and paleopermafrost degradation, and the related data in the IPCC report are based on the carbon density of the modern multi-year permafrost. And the area of permafrost degradation can be used to estimate the contribution of carbon emissions to the increase of atmospheric carbon content since the last ice age.
【學位授予單位】：蘭州大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：P642.14
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