【摘要】：石墨烯是單層碳原子緊密堆積成的二維晶體，具有優(yōu)異的電學(xué)、力學(xué)、熱學(xué)和光學(xué)性質(zhì)以及巨大的比表面積。因此在催化、能量存儲(chǔ)以及符合材料等領(lǐng)域有著廣泛的應(yīng)用前景。雖然石墨烯材料具有上述突出的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但是化學(xué)法制備的石墨烯電導(dǎo)率比理論值低幾個(gè)數(shù)量級。同時(shí)石墨烯由于π π相互作用容易發(fā)生緊密堆疊，從而降低其比表面積。此外，盡管石墨烯具有很多優(yōu)異的性能，但單一的材料很難滿足各方面性能的需求。因此，本論文以石墨烯材料的可控制備為研究重點(diǎn)，通過對石墨烯及其衍生物尺寸、結(jié)構(gòu)以及組成的控制滿足不同材料的需求，并研究了石墨烯材料在電化學(xué)催化氧氣還原反應(yīng)以及超級電容器領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用。 提出宏量可控制備小片石墨烯——石墨烯量子點(diǎn)的方法。該方法以石墨為碳源，合成條件相對溫和，產(chǎn)率高達(dá)63%。同時(shí)其最大發(fā)射波長可以在440510nm之間調(diào)節(jié)。 利用廉價(jià)的三聚氰胺為氮源，通過在550℃加熱的方法宏量制備了石墨烯-氮化碳復(fù)合材料，具有很好的電催化氧氣還原的效果。在進(jìn)一步的工作中，利用三嵌段聚合物為軟模板，通過水熱合成法在石墨烯表面組裝蜜胺-甲醛-苯酚樹脂，并通過高溫碳化的方法制備了具有介孔結(jié)構(gòu)的氮摻雜石墨烯復(fù)合材料，增大了石墨烯復(fù)合材料的比表面積從而提高了氧氣還原反應(yīng)的催化活性。 利用納米金剛石與氧化石墨烯進(jìn)行復(fù)合，制備了可自支撐的柔性石墨烯介孔導(dǎo)電復(fù)合膜，克服了石墨烯聚集的問題。復(fù)合膜的比表面積增大至420m2/g，同時(shí)其導(dǎo)電率達(dá)到7400S/m。在0.2A/g的放電電流時(shí)，其比容量達(dá)到143F/g。同時(shí)多孔復(fù)合膜相對于石墨烯膜表現(xiàn)出更好的倍率性能。 在有機(jī)溶劑——碳酸丙烯酯（PC）中利用水熱法制備了石墨烯三維多孔有機(jī)凝膠。石墨烯有機(jī)凝膠對PC有著較好的浸潤性。同時(shí)凝膠大孔結(jié)構(gòu)阻止了石墨烯的聚集，，有利于離子的擴(kuò)散和遷移，在有機(jī)電解液中，其比電容達(dá)到140F/g，同時(shí)能量密度高達(dá)43.5Wh/kg。
[Abstract]:Graphene is a two-dimensional crystal which is composed of single layer carbon atoms. It has excellent electrical, mechanical, thermal and optical properties as well as huge specific surface area. Therefore, it has a wide range of applications in catalysis, energy storage and compliance materials. Although graphene material has the advantages mentioned above, the conductivity of graphene prepared by chemical method is several orders of magnitude lower than the theoretical value. At the same time, graphene is easily stacked tightly because of 蟺 interaction, thus reducing its specific surface area. In addition, although graphene has many excellent properties, it is difficult for a single material to meet the requirements of various properties. Therefore, the controllable preparation of graphene materials is the focus of this thesis, and the control of the size, structure and composition of graphene and its derivatives can meet the needs of different materials. The applications of graphene materials in electrochemical catalytic oxygen reduction and supercapacitors were also studied. A method for the preparation of small graphene-graphene quantum dots by macro-quantity control is proposed. In this method, graphite is used as carbon source, the synthetic conditions are relatively mild, and the yield is as high as 63%. At the same time, the maximum emission wavelength can be adjusted between 440510nm. Using cheap melamine as nitrogen source, graphene carbon nitride composites were prepared by heating at 550 鈩

本文編號：2400593