【摘要】：船舶火災(zāi)是船舶海難事故中危害性較大的一種事故,是船舶安全研究的重大課題。船舶火災(zāi)可發(fā)生在機(jī)艙、貨艙、客艙和甲板等含可燃物的位置,其中機(jī)艙、貨艙和客艙屬于封閉腔室火災(zāi),火災(zāi)煙氣的危險(xiǎn)性較大,疏散困難。而機(jī)艙內(nèi)的可燃物的危險(xiǎn)性遠(yuǎn)大于貨艙和客艙,是船舶火災(zāi)的最常見(jiàn)也是研究最多的火災(zāi)模式。由于機(jī)艙火災(zāi)的復(fù)雜性和特殊性,研究者們對(duì)機(jī)艙火災(zāi)發(fā)展過(guò)程認(rèn)識(shí)不足,機(jī)艙火災(zāi)煙氣控制技術(shù)發(fā)展緩慢。因此對(duì)船舶機(jī)艙內(nèi)火災(zāi)煙氣運(yùn)動(dòng)和控制技術(shù)進(jìn)行研究具有重要意義。本論文在22m(長(zhǎng))× 12m(寬)× 14m(高)的實(shí)驗(yàn)艙內(nèi)開(kāi)展了煙氣自然填充實(shí)驗(yàn)和煙氣控制實(shí)驗(yàn),煙氣自然填充實(shí)驗(yàn)研究不同火災(zāi)規(guī)模和不同火源位置的煙氣運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)律,機(jī)械排煙控制實(shí)驗(yàn)研究了送風(fēng)口位置、排煙風(fēng)機(jī)啟動(dòng)時(shí)間以及排煙風(fēng)機(jī)排煙量大小對(duì)煙氣控制效果的影響。本論文測(cè)量的參數(shù)有燃料的質(zhì)量損失速率、艙室內(nèi)煙氣溫度以及艙室內(nèi)煙氣的沉降時(shí)間,得出以下幾點(diǎn)結(jié)論:通過(guò)分析不同火災(zāi)規(guī)模、不同火源位置的對(duì)煙氣沉降和艙室煙氣溫度的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)艙室內(nèi)煙氣溫度隨著火源功率的增大而增大,煙氣沉降速率隨著火源功率的增大而加快,當(dāng)火源功率較小時(shí),頂棚溫度較低,噴淋的噴頭無(wú)法啟動(dòng)。當(dāng)火源被移至墻邊時(shí)艙室內(nèi)的溫度和煙氣沉降的速率都降低;火源被抬升4m后,頂棚溫度較高,消防噴頭能啟動(dòng),煙氣的卷吸高度降低,煙氣產(chǎn)生減少,煙氣沉降速率變慢,煙氣穩(wěn)定在8m高度,火源抬升后對(duì)地面的工作人員疏散有利。實(shí)驗(yàn)艙室內(nèi)設(shè)置有不同尺寸的填充物,發(fā)展了有填充物艙室的煙氣沉降時(shí)間的預(yù)測(cè)模型,與前人推導(dǎo)的煙氣沉降模型對(duì)比,發(fā)現(xiàn)本文推導(dǎo)的模型能更準(zhǔn)確的預(yù)測(cè)煙氣沉降的時(shí)間。通過(guò)分析送風(fēng)口位置、風(fēng)機(jī)啟動(dòng)時(shí)間和排煙量對(duì)煙氣控制的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)送風(fēng)口在1.5m高度時(shí)煙氣控制效果較差,送風(fēng)促進(jìn)燃料燃燒,加速煙氣的沉降;送風(fēng)口在5m高度時(shí),火焰發(fā)生傾斜,送風(fēng)對(duì)燃燒有冷卻作用,控?zé)熜Ч^好;送風(fēng)口在9.5m高度時(shí),對(duì)煙氣層有冷卻效果。對(duì)比點(diǎn)火后立即開(kāi)啟風(fēng)機(jī)和點(diǎn)火90s之后開(kāi)啟風(fēng)機(jī),風(fēng)機(jī)立即開(kāi)啟,煙氣沉降較慢,火災(zāi)發(fā)生后,應(yīng)盡早開(kāi)啟風(fēng)機(jī)。通過(guò)對(duì)排煙量的大小對(duì)控?zé)熜Ч姆治?可知排煙效果并不是一直隨著風(fēng)量的增加而變好,當(dāng)排煙量從34.57m3/s增至47.11m3/s,溫度降低的幅度不大,部分測(cè)點(diǎn)溫度沒(méi)有變化,煙氣沉降的變化也不大,最佳排煙量是34.57m3/s。
[Abstract]:Ship fire is one of the most harmful accidents in marine accidents, and it is an important subject of ship safety research. Ship fire can occur in the position of combustible contents such as cabin cargo cabin passenger cabin and deck etc. The cabin cargo cabin and cabin belong to closed chamber fire smoke is dangerous and it is difficult to evacuate. The danger of combustible matter in engine room is much greater than that of cargo cabin and passenger cabin, which is the most common and studied fire mode of ship fire. Because of the complexity and particularity of engine room fire, the researchers do not know enough about the development process of engine room fire, and the development of engine room fire smoke control technology is slow. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the motion and control technology of fire smoke in ship engine room. In this paper, the natural fume filling experiment and the smoke control experiment were carried out in the 22m (length) 脳 12m (width) 脳 14m (high) experimental cabin. The smoke movement laws of different fire scale and different fire source location were studied by the smoke natural filling experiment. The effects of the location of the air outlet, the start-up time of the exhaust fan and the exhaust volume of the exhaust fan on the smoke control effect were studied experimentally. The parameters measured in this paper include fuel mass loss rate, indoor flue gas temperature and settling time of indoor flue gas. The conclusions are as follows: by analyzing different fire scale, It is found that the flue gas temperature increases with the increase of the fire source power, and the smoke deposition rate increases with the increase of the fire source power, when the power of the fire source is small, the influence of different fire source locations on the smoke deposition and the chamber flue gas temperature is found. Roof temperature is low, spray nozzle can not start. When the fire source is moved to the wall, the temperature in the cabin and the rate of smoke deposition decrease; After the fire source is raised 4 m, the roof temperature is higher, the fire sprinkler can start up, the smoke entrainment height is decreased, the flue gas produces the decrease, the flue gas subsidence rate becomes slow, the flue gas is stabilized at the height of 8 m, the fire source uplift is advantageous to the ground staff evacuation. There are different sizes of fillers in the laboratory chamber, and the prediction model of smoke settling time of the chamber with filler is developed, which is compared with the smoke settlement model derived by predecessors. It is found that the model derived in this paper can predict the time of flue gas subsidence more accurately. By analyzing the influence of the location of the air outlet, the start time of the fan and the amount of exhaust gas on the flue gas control, it is found that the flue gas control effect is poor at 1.5 m height, and the air supply promotes the combustion of fuel and accelerates the settling of the flue gas. When the tuyere is at a height of 5m, the flame is inclined, the air supply has cooling effect on the combustion, and the smoke control effect is better, while at the height of 9.5 m, the air supply has cooling effect on the flue gas layer. In contrast, the fan should be opened immediately after ignition and 90 s after ignition. The fan should be opened as soon as possible, and the smoke subsidence is slow, and the fan should be opened as soon as possible after the fire occurs. By analyzing the effect of smoke control by the amount of exhaust smoke, we can see that the effect of smoke exhaust is not always better with the increase of air volume. When the amount of smoke exhaust is increased from 34.57m3/s to 47.11m3 / s, the decrease in temperature is not significant. There was no change in the temperature of some measuring points and no change in smoke deposition. The best smoke discharge was 34.57m3 / s.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：U698.4

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本文編號(hào)：2383444