【摘要】：道路交通安全一直廣受社會關(guān)注。近幾年來,雖然道路交通事故造成的傷亡數(shù)據(jù)總體呈下降趨勢,但仍是威脅人們生命和財產(chǎn)安全的重要因素之一。據(jù)統(tǒng)計,在引發(fā)交通事故的因素中有90%以上與駕駛員相關(guān),其中駕駛員對危險的感知因素又極大地影響駕駛員的駕駛行為。相關(guān)研究表明,駕駛員若能提前1~2秒感知或識別周圍交通環(huán)境中存在的潛在危險,并采取積極應(yīng)對措施,則可在很大程度上減少交通事故的發(fā)生。因此,針對駕駛員對交通潛在危險狀態(tài)的識別機理過程和影響因素進行了理論分析和案例研究,以期探索能夠提高駕駛員對潛在危險狀態(tài)的識別能力和避免危險發(fā)生的方法。明確了交通潛在危險和交通潛在危險狀態(tài)的概念,建立了駕駛員對交通潛在危險狀態(tài)識別的機理模型,并詳細闡述了影響駕駛員識別潛在危險狀態(tài)的主客觀因素,重點分析了駕駛經(jīng)驗因素對識別潛在危險狀態(tài)的影響,同時還結(jié)合突變理論嘗試解釋了交通潛在危險引發(fā)事故的過程。駕駛員對潛在危險狀態(tài)識別的過程可看作是對潛在危險的信息感知、信息加工處理和應(yīng)對操作三個階段相互作用的動態(tài)過程�？陀^影響因素主要影響駕駛員信息感知階段,而主觀影響因素可同時影響感知、加工和應(yīng)對三個階段。駕駛經(jīng)驗不同主要表現(xiàn)為不同駕駛員視覺搜索模式和潛在危險信息模板庫的不同。依據(jù)交通潛在危險形成的原因?qū)袧撛谖ｋU的交通情形劃分為5類,從搜集的眾多事故資料中篩選出18個典型危險情形并建立潛在危險情形庫。根據(jù)潛在危險形成原因進行分類的方法能夠避免不同情形間存在相似潛在危險的問題。應(yīng)用3ds Max再現(xiàn)了5起不同類型交通事故案例的發(fā)生過程,并應(yīng)用FTA法分析了各個事故案例中駕駛員處于潛在危險狀態(tài)的原因。分析結(jié)果表明,駕駛員“經(jīng)驗不足”和“安全意識淡薄”是主要且可控原因。以駕駛員視角觀察其處于潛在危險狀態(tài)時的交通環(huán)境狀況,并由此提出了識別該潛在危險和避免處于潛在危險狀態(tài)的方法。應(yīng)用HBuilder和Sojump分別構(gòu)建了用于提高駕駛員對潛在危險狀態(tài)識別能力的學(xué)習(xí)和測試平臺。該平臺為Web形式,可由PC端或移動端瀏覽器打開,有利于平臺的推廣、學(xué)習(xí)及培訓(xùn)。研究成果,對于掌握駕駛員對交通潛在危險狀態(tài)的識別機理和影響因素具有一定理論價值,對于提高駕駛員對潛在危險狀態(tài)的識別能力、促進潛在危險學(xué)習(xí)及測試平臺的推廣和減少交通事故的發(fā)生也具有一定的理論和應(yīng)用價值。
[Abstract]:Road traffic safety has been widely concerned by the society. In recent years, although the casualty data caused by road traffic accidents have shown a downward trend, it is still one of the important factors threatening people's lives and property safety. According to statistics, more than 90% of the factors causing traffic accidents are related to drivers, and drivers' perception of danger greatly affects driver's driving behavior. Relevant studies have shown that if drivers can perceive or identify the potential hazards in the surrounding traffic environment 1 ~ 2 seconds ahead of time and take active measures to deal with them, the occurrence of traffic accidents can be reduced to a great extent. Therefore, this paper makes a theoretical analysis and case study on the identification mechanism and influencing factors of the drivers' potential dangerous state, in order to explore the methods to improve the drivers' ability to recognize the potential dangerous state and to avoid the occurrence of the danger. The concepts of traffic potential hazard and traffic potential danger state are defined, the mechanism model of drivers' recognition of traffic potential danger state is established, and the subjective and objective factors that affect drivers' recognition of potential danger state are expounded in detail. The influence of driving experience on the identification of potential dangerous state is analyzed, and the process of accident caused by traffic potential hazard is explained with catastrophe theory. The identification process of the potential hazard state can be regarded as the dynamic process of interaction among the three stages of information perception, information processing and response operation. Objective influencing factors mainly affect driver's information perception stage, while subjective influence factors can affect three stages simultaneously: perception, processing and coping. Driving experience is mainly manifested in different drivers' visual search mode and potential hazard information template library. According to the causes of the formation of potential traffic hazards, the traffic situations that contain potential hazards are classified into 5 categories, and 18 typical hazard cases are selected from the collected accident data and the potential hazard situation database is established. The method of classifying the causes of potential hazards can avoid the problem of similar potential hazards in different situations. The occurrence process of five different traffic accident cases was reproduced by using 3ds Max, and the causes of drivers' potential dangerous state in each accident case were analyzed by FTA method. The results show that the driver's "inexperience" and "weak safety consciousness" are the main and controllable reasons. The traffic environment is observed from the perspective of the driver, and a method to identify the potential danger and avoid the potential danger is put forward. HBuilder and Sojump are used to build a learning and testing platform to improve drivers' ability to identify potential hazardous states. The platform is Web, can be opened by PC or mobile browser, conducive to platform promotion, learning and training. The research results have certain theoretical value for mastering the identification mechanism and influencing factors of the drivers' potential dangerous state of traffic, and can improve the drivers' ability to recognize the potential dangerous state. It is also of theoretical and practical value to promote the promotion of potential hazard learning and test platform and to reduce the occurrence of traffic accidents.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：U491.25

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