不依賴GPS定位理論及方法研究
[Abstract]:Smart car, also called driverless smart vehicle, is the main direction of scientific research and product development in automobile field and vehicle field in recent years. In order to accomplish all kinds of tasks, positioning accuracy and reliability are the most basic and relatively complex problems. In this paper, a new localization algorithm in GPS failure environment is studied in order to compensate the intelligent vehicle for obtaining accurate location information without GPS signal. First of all, in the practical application process, most of the vehicle can not be effectively modeled or installed on the vehicle is not convenient to install mileage meters, at this time, the traditional vehicle kinematics model based on mileage meter will not be applied to vehicle positioning. In order to solve the problem of vehicle location in the absence of mileage, a vehicle motion state estimation model is proposed in this paper. An algorithm is proposed to estimate the vehicle position, attitude and motion state (such as velocity) by the model. An algorithm is proposed to estimate the vehicle position by replacing the mileage meter with the estimated motion state. In order to verify the effectiveness of the algorithm, the proposed algorithm is compared with the model-based vehicle location algorithm, and the simulation data are compared with the Victorian database data of the University of Sydney. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve the same positioning accuracy based on odometer. Then, the visual mileage meter is studied and a new method for calculating visual mileage is proposed. The algorithm improves the performance of the visual odometer in dynamic environment by decoupling estimation of rotation and translation. The ideal visual mileometer can estimate the motion of the visual system by observing the static environmental features, but the dynamic features are inevitable in the actual environment. Therefore, how to eliminate the dynamic features and reduce the impact on the performance of the visual odometer is an effective way to improve the performance of the odometer. In this paper, the feature points are divided into "distant points" and "near points" by stereo vision system. In the framework of uniform random estimation of (RANSAC), the "distant points" are used to estimate the attitude of the visual system, and then, when the attitude is known, Use close Point to calculate camera translation. In this way, the influence of close moving object on visual odometer is reduced by attitude constraint. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm based on rotation-translation decoupling estimation can effectively eliminate the dynamic features and improve the performance of visual odometer compared with the traditional simultaneous estimation of rotation-translation algorithm in the actual road environment. In order to obtain more accurate positioning results, the problem of simultaneous vehicle location and map construction (Simultaneous Localization And Mapping,SLAM) is studied in this paper. SLAM regards vehicle and environment map as a whole, and builds incremental map by estimating vehicle location. Then estimate the location of the vehicle according to the map. Although the existing SLAM algorithms can effectively reduce the cumulative error, most of these algorithms have the problem of excessive linearization error. In this paper, we propose two new SLAM algorithms: SLAM algorithm for square root orthogonal volume transform Kalman filter (SCQKF-SLAM) and SLAM algorithm (CQFastSLAM). Based on orthogonal volume particle filter. Both of these algorithms can solve higher nonlinear accuracy by merging orthogonal volume transform (cubature rule) and Gauss Lagrangian rule (Gauss-Laguerre quadrature rule). Both SCQKF-slam and CQFastSLAM are effective in reducing the linearization accuracy of SLAM by considering the computational cost. The following simulation and database experiments show that the proposed algorithm can effectively improve the accuracy of vehicle location in large-scale environmental maps.
【學位授予單位】:北京交通大學
【學位級別】:博士
【學位授予年份】:2015
【分類號】:U495;U463.6
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