本文選題：隧道 + 礦山法　； 參考：《隧道建設(shè)》2017年01期

【摘要】：分析制定隧道控制地下水對(duì)策的基本觀點(diǎn):既要考慮隧道施工對(duì)地下水的影響,也要考慮地下水對(duì)隧道施工的影響。指出控制地下水的對(duì)策必須符合3個(gè)條件:1)確保施工作業(yè)安全、順利地開展;2)不對(duì)周邊環(huán)境產(chǎn)生有害的影響;3)以合理的工費(fèi)和工期來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。隧道涌水視其發(fā)生位置、涌水量、發(fā)生時(shí)期、涌水量的歷時(shí)變化等是各種各樣的,應(yīng)對(duì)隧道涌水進(jìn)行合理分類,以便有的放矢地采取相應(yīng)的對(duì)策。介紹了日本統(tǒng)計(jì)的地質(zhì)構(gòu)造和涌水現(xiàn)象的分類。涌水處理應(yīng)達(dá)到3個(gè)基本目標(biāo):1)確保隧道施工在無(wú)水的條件下進(jìn)行,或者是在可以接受的滲漏水條件下進(jìn)行,或者是在對(duì)周邊環(huán)境"可接受干擾"的條件下進(jìn)行;2)二次襯砌原則上不承受水壓作用,不得已時(shí)把水壓控制在二次襯砌容許的范圍內(nèi);3)運(yùn)營(yíng)中的隧道洞內(nèi)不能成為地下水流經(jīng)的通道,隧道襯砌背后必須形成一個(gè)縱橫交錯(cuò)的、不易堵塞的、通暢的排水系統(tǒng)。達(dá)到上述目標(biāo)的基本方法是:充分利用和提高圍巖的隔水性能,合理地處理好"排"與"堵"的關(guān)系。針對(duì)涌水處理的3個(gè)基本目標(biāo),分別介紹了國(guó)內(nèi)外相應(yīng)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和措施。1)一些國(guó)家的指南、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)隧道的涌水量進(jìn)行了分級(jí),認(rèn)為涌水量≤2.5 L/(min·m)時(shí)基本上可以認(rèn)為是在無(wú)水條件下施工;一般的線狀流水、經(jīng)常涌水可以用自然排水法排水;而針對(duì)突發(fā)大量涌水,則需要采取特殊的地下水對(duì)策予以解決。2)按照二次襯砌是否承受水壓,隧道可分為3種情況:1襯砌不承受水壓,即所謂的完全排水型隧道;2襯砌承受全部水壓,即所謂的非排水型(防水型)隧道;3襯砌背后設(shè)置注漿域,分擔(dān)襯砌承受的水壓,襯砌只承受部分容許的水壓。從目前的隧道設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)際來(lái)看,在山嶺隧道中多數(shù)采用方案1,在城市隧道中多數(shù)采用方案2,在高水壓和突發(fā)大量涌水的極端情況下采用方案3。介紹了日本、美國(guó)的設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)。3)我國(guó)鐵路隧道采用把地下水引入隧道,再?gòu)亩磧?nèi)兩側(cè)邊墻附近設(shè)置的排水溝排出地下水的做法是值得商榷的;特別是在可能發(fā)生凍害的地區(qū),更不可取。在國(guó)外,日本、德國(guó)、法國(guó)等國(guó)家的鐵路、公路隧道基本上是把中央排水管設(shè)置在仰拱內(nèi)或仰拱下方,而在隧道兩側(cè)只留有用于排出流入隧道內(nèi)的雨水或隧道清洗水的排水溝;因此,建議立項(xiàng)研究取消洞內(nèi)排水溝,設(shè)置中央或兩側(cè)腳部排水管的問(wèn)題。最后指出,實(shí)現(xiàn)涌水處理的3個(gè)基本目標(biāo)我們尚需努力,特別是"目標(biāo)"的定位問(wèn)題,尚需進(jìn)行基礎(chǔ)性的研究才能解決。在隧道施工中,涌水是不可避免的、客觀存在的現(xiàn)象,我們積累的經(jīng)驗(yàn)非常豐富,但缺乏系統(tǒng)的、認(rèn)真的總結(jié)和歸納。
[Abstract]:This paper analyzes the basic viewpoint of formulating the countermeasures for underground water control in tunnels: it is necessary to consider both the influence of tunnel construction on groundwater and the influence of groundwater on tunnel construction. It is pointed out that the countermeasures to control groundwater must conform to three conditions: 1) ensure the safety of construction operation and carry out smoothly without harmful impact on the surrounding environment. (3) be realized by reasonable work cost and time limit. There are various kinds of tunnel water gushing according to its occurrence location, water inflow, occurrence period, and diachronic variation of water inflow, which should be reasonably classified in order to take corresponding countermeasures. This paper introduces the classification of statistical geological structure and water gushing in Japan. Water gushing treatment should reach three basic objectives: 1) to ensure that tunnel construction is carried out without water, or under acceptable seepage conditions, Or under the condition of "acceptable interference" to the surrounding environment, the secondary lining principle is not subject to water pressure, It is necessary to control the water pressure within the allowable range of secondary lining (3) the tunnel in operation can not become the passage of groundwater flow, the tunnel lining must form a staggered, not easily blocked, unobstructed drainage system behind the tunnel lining. The basic method to achieve the above goal is to make full use of and improve the water insulation performance of surrounding rock, and to deal with the relationship between "discharge" and "plugging" properly. In view of the three basic targets of water gushing treatment, the corresponding experiences and measures at home and abroad are introduced respectively. The guidelines of some countries are introduced. The standard classifies the inflow of water in tunnels. It is considered that when water inflow is less than 2. 5 L/(min m), it can basically be considered as construction under the condition of no water; general linear water flow, which can often be drained by natural drainage; but for sudden and large amount of water gushing, Then special groundwater countermeasures should be adopted to solve the problem. 2) according to whether the secondary lining is subjected to water pressure, the tunnel can be divided into 3 cases: 1. The lining does not bear water pressure, that is, the so called fully drained tunnel lining bears all the water pressure. In other words, the grouting area is set up behind the lining of the so-called non-drainage tunnel (waterproof type), which shares the water pressure of the lining, and the lining only bears part of the allowable water pressure. According to the actual design of the tunnel at present, most of the mountain tunnels adopt scheme 1, most of the urban tunnels adopt scheme 2, and in the extreme cases of high water pressure and sudden massive water inflow, scheme 3 is adopted. This paper introduces the design experience of Japan and the United States. 3) the practice of introducing groundwater into the tunnel and discharging groundwater from the drainage ditch set up near the side wall on both sides of the tunnel in our country is debatable, especially in the areas where freezing injury may occur. Less desirable. In foreign countries, such as Japan, Germany, France and other countries, the highway tunnel is basically set the central drainage pipe in or below the inverted arch, while on both sides of the tunnel there is only a drain for discharging Rain Water or cleaning water flowing into the tunnel. Therefore, it is suggested that a project should be carried out to remove the drainage ditch in the hole and to set up a central or bilateral drainage pipe. Finally, it is pointed out that we still need to work hard to achieve the three basic objectives of water treatment, especially the problem of "target" positioning, which needs to be solved by basic research. In the tunnel construction, the water gushing is inevitable, the objective existence phenomenon, our accumulated experience is very rich, but lacks the systematic, earnest summary and the induction.
【作者單位】： 西南交通大學(xué);
【分類號(hào)】：U455.4

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