本文選題：除雪機(jī)具　切入點(diǎn)：除雪機(jī)理　出處：《吉林大學(xué)》2015年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：我國(guó)北方冬季大部分地區(qū)一直被清雪問(wèn)題所困擾，這些地區(qū)降雪周期長(zhǎng)、雪量大、范圍廣。未能及時(shí)清除的道路積雪經(jīng)過(guò)車輛和行人的反復(fù)碾壓、氣溫變化的反復(fù)融凍，形成了表明結(jié)冰、內(nèi)部含雜的板狀、冰膜狀堅(jiān)實(shí)冰雪。堅(jiān)實(shí)冰雪覆蓋的路面給車輛和行人帶來(lái)不便的同時(shí)也增加了發(fā)生交通事故的幾率。根據(jù)有關(guān)方面對(duì)全球各大中城市調(diào)查結(jié)果，城市路面積雪結(jié)冰造成的交通事故占冬季交通事故總量的20%以上，己成為世界公認(rèn)的“白色”城市危害。因此，研發(fā)新型、快速、環(huán)保、高效的道路堅(jiān)實(shí)冰雪清除設(shè)備至關(guān)重要。 分析了堅(jiān)實(shí)冰雪的類型轉(zhuǎn)換過(guò)程及形成形式，闡述了冰雪密度、抗壓強(qiáng)度、抗剪切強(qiáng)度、摩擦因數(shù)等物理特性參數(shù)，利用體視顯微鏡觀測(cè)了自然凍結(jié)冰雪和碾壓冰雪的表面結(jié)構(gòu)。在對(duì)冰雪顆粒微觀描述的基礎(chǔ)上，基于Bazant思想構(gòu)建了冰雪微觀結(jié)構(gòu)模型，將冰雪微觀結(jié)構(gòu)變形機(jī)理與宏觀連續(xù)行為聯(lián)系在一起，建立了堅(jiān)實(shí)冰雪本構(gòu)模型。利用冰雪單向壓縮破壞試驗(yàn)和三軸加載破壞試驗(yàn)，分析了處于道路邊緣無(wú)側(cè)壓的冰雪及處于道路中間有圍壓冰雪的受力狀態(tài)及破壞特性。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果證明了所建立堅(jiān)實(shí)冰雪本構(gòu)模型的合理性及適用性。該本構(gòu)模型較好的描述了堅(jiān)實(shí)冰雪應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變關(guān)系的宏觀性質(zhì)，適用于應(yīng)變率大于0.5×10-5/s的滑雪、碾壓冰雪等密度較大的堅(jiān)實(shí)冰雪，為堅(jiān)實(shí)冰雪清除理論提供了理論參考。 利用高速攝像儀對(duì)堅(jiān)實(shí)冰雪切削破壞過(guò)程觀察分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，堅(jiān)實(shí)冰雪的破壞形式主要為脆性斷裂，破壞的原因?yàn)榈度星腥牒捅┧毫丫C合作用的結(jié)果。基于冰雪本構(gòu)模型及切屑剝落過(guò)程，建立了刀具切入冰雪出現(xiàn)破壞裂紋臨界狀態(tài)的物理模型，對(duì)除雪刀具進(jìn)行了力學(xué)特性分析，給出了堅(jiān)實(shí)冰雪切削破壞的數(shù)學(xué)模型，建立了新的冰雪破壞準(zhǔn)則。該準(zhǔn)則考慮了冰雪本構(gòu)特性，認(rèn)為冰雪在最薄弱部位發(fā)生局部破壞，生長(zhǎng)為較大裂紋，進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生斷裂破碎。新破壞準(zhǔn)則的建立為堅(jiān)實(shí)冰雪的高質(zhì)高效清除提供了理論依據(jù)。 搭建了測(cè)量冰雪切削阻力的試驗(yàn)臺(tái)，進(jìn)行了堅(jiān)實(shí)冰雪切削破壞試驗(yàn)，試驗(yàn)證明了所建立破壞準(zhǔn)則的合理性。以切削阻力最小為目標(biāo)，安裝角、刀具前角、切削深度為影響因素，實(shí)施了三因素五水平旋轉(zhuǎn)正交除雪參數(shù)分析試驗(yàn)，試驗(yàn)證明了切削阻力數(shù)學(xué)模型的正確性，同時(shí)進(jìn)一步證明了所建立破壞準(zhǔn)則的可用性。 針對(duì)不同狀態(tài)、不同密度的堅(jiān)實(shí)冰雪，研發(fā)了凹盤(pán)式及立銑式除雪關(guān)鍵部件，兩種部件均創(chuàng)新的采用了分體組合獨(dú)立隨動(dòng)仿形機(jī)構(gòu)，仿形越障效果優(yōu)良，除凈率高。凹盤(pán)式除雪關(guān)鍵部件為除雪凹盤(pán)被動(dòng)切削冰雪，針對(duì)低密度板狀碾壓冰雪，能耗低、效率高，可一次性完成壓潰、切碎、掀動(dòng)、刮除和推送五項(xiàng)作業(yè)。立銑式除雪關(guān)鍵部件為除雪刀主動(dòng)切削冰雪，針對(duì)冰膜狀、凍結(jié)狀的高密度冰雪具有極強(qiáng)的破碎能力，同時(shí)兼有銑削、破碎、仿形、越障等功能。 設(shè)計(jì)了四組單體組合凹盤(pán)式除雪試驗(yàn)機(jī)，以行進(jìn)速度、入雪深度、凹盤(pán)刃口角度、凹盤(pán)與行進(jìn)方向的夾角為影響因素，除雪阻力、除凈率、清除雪塊體積為目標(biāo)函數(shù)，進(jìn)行了四因素五水平二次回歸旋轉(zhuǎn)正交試驗(yàn)，確定了除雪作業(yè)最優(yōu)參數(shù)組合。理論與試驗(yàn)綜合分析確定了凹盤(pán)式除雪關(guān)鍵部件主要參數(shù)：凹盤(pán)與行進(jìn)方向夾角為13°，凹盤(pán)盤(pán)片直徑為400mm，，凹盤(pán)盤(pán)片厚度為3.5mm，凹盤(pán)刃口角度為20°，凹盤(pán)曲率半徑為650mm。 對(duì)立銑式破冰除雪關(guān)鍵部件進(jìn)行了運(yùn)動(dòng)分析及動(dòng)力學(xué)仿真，仿真運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡曲線與除雪機(jī)實(shí)際運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡曲線一致，驗(yàn)證了理論及仿真分析的正確性。設(shè)計(jì)了立銑式破冰除雪試驗(yàn)機(jī)，以刀具安裝角、行進(jìn)速度、主軸轉(zhuǎn)速為影響因素，除凈率、清除雪塊體積為目標(biāo)函數(shù)，進(jìn)行了三因素五水平二次回歸旋轉(zhuǎn)正交試驗(yàn)，確定了立銑式試驗(yàn)機(jī)除雪作業(yè)最優(yōu)參數(shù)組合。 在三種路況條件下實(shí)施了凹盤(pán)式及立銑式兩種樣機(jī)除雪工作性能和作業(yè)質(zhì)量的綜合試驗(yàn)。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，凹盤(pán)式及立銑式除雪樣機(jī)均運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)良好，除雪作業(yè)效率高，除凈率均高于90%，參數(shù)設(shè)定及各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)均能達(dá)到除雪作業(yè)要求。凹盤(pán)式除雪關(guān)鍵部件適用于密度小于550kg/m3，厚度范圍為10~80mm的板狀碾壓冰雪。立銑式除雪關(guān)鍵部件適用于密度為300~750kg/m3，厚度小于50mm的板狀、冰膜狀冰雪，尤其適用于密度大于550kg/m3的冰膜狀凍結(jié)冰雪。兩種樣機(jī)的除雪試驗(yàn)為堅(jiān)實(shí)冰雪清除技術(shù)研究及除雪機(jī)具開(kāi)發(fā)提供了理論依據(jù)。
[Abstract]:Most areas of our country has been the northern winter snow snow problems, these areas for a long period, large amount of snow, a wide range. Failed to clear roads of snow after the vehicles and pedestrians repeated rolling temperature, repeated freeze-thaw, formed that ice plate internal impurity, ice solid membrane solid ice. Snow covered road to vehicles and pedestrians inconvenience also increases the probability of traffic accidents. According to the relevant aspects of the world each big city city survey, snow and ice on the road traffic accidents caused by traffic accidents in winter accounted for more than 20% of the total, has become the world recognized the "white city" harm. Therefore, the research and development of new, fast, environmental protection, efficient road solid snow removing equipment is essential.
Analysis of the types of solid ice conversion process and form, elaborated the ice density, compressive strength, shear strength, friction coefficient and other physical parameters, the surface structure of the frozen snow and natural observation with microscope. The rolling snow ice particles based on the micro description, Bazant constructs the ice microstructure based on the model, the ice microstructure and deformation mechanism and macroscopic behavior together, to establish a solid ice constitutive model. Using ice uniaxial compression test and the three axle load damage failure test, analyzed in the edge of the road without lateral pressure snow and the middle of the road in a stress state and failure characteristics of the confining pressure of ice and snow. The test results prove the rationality and applicability of the established solid ice constitutive model. The constitutive model to describe the stress-strain relationship of solid ice macro It is suitable for skiing with greater density than 0.5 x 10-5/s, which provides a theoretical reference for the theory of solid ice and snow removal.
By using high speed camera on the solid ice cutting failure process analysis it is found that the damage in the form of solid ice, mainly for brittle fracture, the failure reason for the comprehensive effect of blade cut and snow tearing results. Ice constitutive model and chip peeling process based on a knife cut out ice physical model crack failure of critical state. The snow removing tool for the mechanical characteristic analysis, gives the mathematical model of solid ice cutting destruction, the establishment of a new ice failure criterion. The criterion considers the constitutive characteristics of snow, ice and snow that local failure in the weak position, growth for larger cracks, resulting in fracture failure criterion for the establishment of a new. High quality solid ice, clear provides a theoretical basis.
A test rig is set up to measure the cutting resistance of the ice, the ice cutting solid failure test, rationality test proved that the established failure criterion. As the goal, with the minimum cutting resistance setting angle, rake angle, cutting depth for the influencing factors, implementation of the snow parameter analysis test of three factors and five levels of positive rotation. The test proved the correctness of the mathematical model of cutting resistance, availability and further proved that the establishment of failure criterion.
According to the different state of solid ice of different density, and developed a concave milling disc type snow removing key parts, the two parts are the innovation of the split combination of independent servo profiling mechanism, obstacle profiling has good effect, in addition to the net rate is high. The key components for concave disc type snow snow snow passive cutting disc in low density, plate rolling snow, low energy consumption, high efficiency, can complete crushing, shredding, tilting, scraping and push five jobs. The milling type snow removing key components for snow removing knife cutting ice, ice freezing for a film, like high density ice has broken ability strong, with milling, crushing, copying, climbing and other functions.
Design of the four groups of monomer combination concave disc snow testing machine, with speed, snow depth, disc blade angle, angle and direction of the disc as the influence factors, snow resistance, in addition to the net rate, remove the snow block volume as objective function, the four factors and five levels two times by rotating orthogonal test, to determine the optimal parameters of snow removal operations. A comprehensive analysis of theory and experiment to determine the concave disc in addition to the main parameters of key components: snow disc and the direction angle of 13 DEG concave plate disk with a diameter of 400mm, thickness of 3.5mm disc disc, disc blade angle is 20 degrees, concave disk radius is 650mm.
The vertical milling type ice snow key components of the motion analysis and dynamic simulation, simulation of trajectory curve and snow machine actual trajectory curve, verify the correctness of theoretical analysis and simulation. The design of vertical milling type ice snow testing machine, the cutting tool installation angle and speed, spindle speed influence factors in addition, the net rate of removal of snow block volume as objective function, the three factors and five levels two times the rotation regression orthogonal test, determine the test machine vertical milling type snow removing optimal parameter combination.
In the three conditions the implementation of the comprehensive test and milling concave disc type two prototype snow in addition to the quality performance and operating. The experimental results show that the concave disc and milling type snow removing machine are working well, snow removal, high work efficiency, in addition to the net rate is higher than 90%, the parameters setting and the indexes can meet the operation requirements. Snow snow concave disc type key components for density is less than 550kg/m3, the thickness range of ice plate rolling 10~80mm. Milling type snow removing key components for density of 300~750kg/m3 plate thickness is less than 50mm, the ice film ice, especially in ice film density greater than 550kg/m3 the frozen snow. Two prototype snow test for solid snow removing technology and snow removing machinery development provides a theoretical basis.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：U418.326

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