固體潤(rùn)滑涂層的損傷裂紋演變及其摩擦學(xué)特性研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-07-31 13:49
【摘要】：先進(jìn)表面工程技術(shù)作為現(xiàn)代工業(yè)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)之一,已成為先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的前沿技術(shù)和趕超國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平的重要前沿陣地。表面工程的發(fā)展極大的促進(jìn)了固體潤(rùn)滑涂層的進(jìn)步,在摩擦副表面生成具有優(yōu)良減摩和耐磨性能的固體潤(rùn)滑涂層,配對(duì)成新的接觸副,實(shí)現(xiàn)延長(zhǎng)摩擦副使用壽命、提高機(jī)械效率以及節(jié)約材料的目的。目前,固體潤(rùn)滑涂層已在現(xiàn)代工業(yè)技術(shù)領(lǐng)域,如發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和機(jī)械傳動(dòng)等,獲得了廣泛的應(yīng)用并取得了巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值和社會(huì)效應(yīng)。受涂層和基體材料結(jié)構(gòu)不匹配以及制備工藝影響而產(chǎn)生的較大薄膜涂層殘余應(yīng)力可能是涂層裂紋和界面分層損傷的催化劑,該問(wèn)題的理論研究亟待加強(qiáng),這對(duì)固體潤(rùn)滑涂層的制備具有重要的指導(dǎo)意義。而且,表征評(píng)定涂層-基體界面分層以及涂層自身裂紋問(wèn)題已經(jīng)成為固體潤(rùn)滑涂層耐用性和可靠性設(shè)計(jì)的障礙,迫切需要開(kāi)展涂層失效的基礎(chǔ)理論研究,并對(duì)涂層的失效預(yù)測(cè)和評(píng)價(jià)具有顯著的意義。此外,研究固體潤(rùn)滑涂層潤(rùn)滑狀態(tài)下的摩擦學(xué)特性,并從理論上通過(guò)合理的涂層參數(shù)和潤(rùn)滑設(shè)計(jì),避免涂層-基體系統(tǒng)失效的產(chǎn)生,有效地提高摩擦副承載能力和使用壽命,對(duì)于開(kāi)拓涂層摩擦學(xué)應(yīng)用具有重要的理論意義和實(shí)際應(yīng)用價(jià)值。本文針對(duì)上述固體潤(rùn)滑涂層-基體系統(tǒng)的界面分層損傷和涂層裂紋演變及其摩擦學(xué)特性的科學(xué)問(wèn)題,以物理氣相沉積涂層和鋼基體系統(tǒng)為研究對(duì)象,系統(tǒng)性的開(kāi)展了研究工作,其主要工作和成果總結(jié)如下:(1)針對(duì)涂層在殘余應(yīng)力下可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)的界面分層和涂層裂紋的問(wèn)題,建立了考慮粗糙度的涂層-基體系統(tǒng)殘余應(yīng)力模型,通過(guò)擴(kuò)展有限元技術(shù)、J積分法以及內(nèi)聚力法相結(jié)合的手段從理論上研究了涂層在殘余應(yīng)力下界面分層損傷以及涂層裂紋的演變。表明粗糙面對(duì)涂層殘余應(yīng)力以及基體塑性行為均有較大影響;相比于界面法向應(yīng)力,分層失效對(duì)界面切應(yīng)力變化更為敏感;而多裂紋時(shí)的兩近置的裂紋尖端更容易擴(kuò)展并最終融合;并且,從力學(xué)角度證明沉積一層熱膨脹系數(shù)適中的中間層可以更好的保護(hù)整個(gè)系統(tǒng)。(2)圍繞涂層-基體界面分層以及涂層自身裂紋的如何評(píng)價(jià)的問(wèn)題,通過(guò)納米壓痕方法對(duì)系統(tǒng)失效情況進(jìn)行表征,建立了包含內(nèi)聚力單元的涂層-基體系統(tǒng)壓痕的有限元模型,考察了內(nèi)聚力屬性、涂層彈性模量以及厚度對(duì)涂層裂紋和界面分層的影響,同時(shí)揭示了涂層裂紋和界面分層兩者的相互影響規(guī)律。表明增加涂層的內(nèi)聚力/能雖可有效地防止其裂紋的產(chǎn)生,但同時(shí)也增大了界面分層失效的可能性;當(dāng)界面內(nèi)聚力處于某臨界值時(shí),界面耐分層能力最小;然而,涂層裂紋對(duì)于界面的內(nèi)聚力屬性變化并不敏感;而彈性模量越小的涂層系統(tǒng)越易免受這些傷害;涂層厚度在影響其裂紋和界面分層臨界載荷方面也存在某一臨界值。(3)利用復(fù)合離子鍍膜技術(shù)在滲碳鋼基體表面沉積類(lèi)金剛石(DLC)涂層。使用納米壓痕法對(duì)其進(jìn)行了實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,實(shí)時(shí)獲得壓頭的載荷-位移曲線(xiàn)。曲線(xiàn)中存在若干跳躍點(diǎn),意味著系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部裂紋或界面分層失效的產(chǎn)生。壓痕實(shí)驗(yàn)完成后,通過(guò)掃描電子顯微鏡和聚焦離子束系統(tǒng)觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),DLC涂層壓痕處出現(xiàn)了規(guī)則的貫穿厚度的環(huán)形裂紋以及界面分層現(xiàn)象,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果驗(yàn)證了模擬仿真結(jié)果的正確性。最后,通過(guò)壓痕結(jié)果估算了涂層斷裂韌度和界面結(jié)合能。(4)建立了涂層-基體系統(tǒng)微觀彈流潤(rùn)滑模型,基于Full-system有限元法,研究了涂層的彈流摩擦特性,評(píng)價(jià)了涂層厚度、涂層彈性模量、工況條件、界面微波谷、表面和界面粗糙度以及多層涂層對(duì)系統(tǒng)應(yīng)力響應(yīng)的影響,預(yù)測(cè)了重載下系統(tǒng)可能失效的位置。表明涂層厚度、彈性模量和工況變化會(huì)對(duì)其彈流特性產(chǎn)生重大的影響;同硬涂層相比,軟涂層的彈流響應(yīng)對(duì)速度和載荷的變化更為敏感;用力學(xué)的方式解釋微裂紋一般萌生于界面微波谷處;且油膜壓力以及界面剪應(yīng)力在較軟和較厚涂層上受表面粗糙度影響更小;同時(shí)粗糙界面的剪應(yīng)力很大程度取決于涂層和基體的匹配度;而功能梯度多層涂層系統(tǒng)可有效預(yù)防界面分層以及亞表面點(diǎn)蝕失效。(5)通過(guò)四球?qū)嶒?yàn)對(duì)比研究了TiN、WC/C和DLC三種固體潤(rùn)滑涂層的摩擦磨損性能,揭示了它們重載潤(rùn)滑狀態(tài)下的摩擦學(xué)機(jī)理。發(fā)現(xiàn)跑合穩(wěn)定后的TiN涂層的摩擦系數(shù)最大,而DLC的最小;TiN涂層磨損失效方式為氧化剝落、WC/C為氧化點(diǎn)蝕,而DLC會(huì)在磨痕附近形成轉(zhuǎn)移膜;則WC/C和DLC涂層表現(xiàn)出較好的減摩耐磨以及跑合特性。
[Abstract]:As one of the key technologies of modern industrial development, advanced surface engineering technology has become an important frontier for advanced manufacturing technology and overtaking international advanced level. The development of surface engineering has greatly promoted the progress of solid lubrication coating, and made solid lubricant with excellent friction reduction and wear resistance on the surface of the friction pair. The slippery coating, paired as a new contact pair, can prolong the service life of the friction pair, improve the mechanical efficiency and save the material. At present, the solid lubrication coating has been widely used in modern industrial technology, such as engine and mechanical transmission, and has achieved great economic value and social effect. The residual stress of large film coating produced by structural mismatch and preparation process may be a catalyst for coating cracks and interfacial delamination damage. The theoretical study of this problem needs to be strengthened. It has important guiding significance for the preparation of solid lubricating coatings. The grain problem has become an obstacle to the durability and reliability design of the solid lubricating coating. It is urgent to carry out the basic theoretical research on the failure of the coating, and have significant significance to the failure prediction and evaluation of the coating. In addition, the tribological characteristics of the solid lubrication coating are studied and the reasonable coating parameters and moistening are used in theory. The slip design avoids the failure of the coating matrix system and effectively improves the bearing capacity and service life of the friction pair. It is of great theoretical and practical value for the development of the coating tribological application. In this paper, the interfacial delamination damage, the evolution of the coating crack and the tribological characteristics of the above solid lubricating coating matrix system are discussed in this paper. The research work of physical vapor deposition coating and steel matrix system is carried out systematically. The main work and results are summarized as follows: (1) the residual stress modes of the coating matrix system considering the roughness of the coating are established to solve the problem that the coating may appear in the interfacial layer and the coating crack under the residual stress. By extending the finite element technique, the J integral method and the cohesive force method, the interfacial stratification damage and the evolution of the coating crack under the residual stress are theoretically studied. It shows that the roughness has a great influence on the residual stress and the matrix plastic behavior of the coating, and the interfacial failure is compared with the interface normal stress. The shear stress change is more sensitive, and the two near crack tip in the multi crack is easier to expand and eventually fuse; and, from the mechanical point of view, the medium layer with moderate thermal expansion coefficient can better protect the whole system. (2) the problem of how to evaluate the coating's self crack and how to evaluate the coating's own crack by the layer of the coating matrix interface. The nano indentation method was used to characterize the failure of the system. The finite element model of the indentation of the coating matrix system containing the cohesive unit was established. The influence of cohesive properties, the elastic modulus and the thickness of the coating on the coating cracks and the interfacial stratification were investigated, and the interaction law of the coating cracks and the interfacial stratification was revealed. The increasing cohesion and energy of the coating can effectively prevent the formation of the crack, but it also increases the possibility of the interfacial delamination failure. When the cohesive force is at a critical value, the interfacial lamination resistance is minimal. However, the coating cracks are not sensitive to the cohesive force properties of the interface, and the less the modulus of the coating, the more the coating system is. It is easy to avoid these injuries; the thickness of the coating also has a certain critical value in influencing the crack and the critical load of the interface layer. (3) the diamond like (DLC) coating is deposited on the surface of the carburized steel substrate by the composite ion plating technology. The experimental study is carried out by the nano indentation method. The load displacement curve of the pressure head is obtained in real time. At several jumping points, it means the failure of the internal crack or interface layer in the system. After the completion of the indentation experiment, it is found through the scanning electron microscope and the focused ion beam system that the circular crack of the regular penetrating thickness and the interfacial stratification appear at the indentation of the DLC coating. The experimental results verify the correctness of the simulation results. Finally, the fracture toughness and interfacial bonding energy of the coating are estimated by the indentation results. (4) the micro elastohydrodynamic lubrication model of the coating matrix system is established. Based on the Full-system finite element method, the Elastohydrodynamic friction characteristics of the coating are studied. The thickness of the coating, the elastic modulus of the coating, the working condition, the interface microwave Valley, the surface and the interfacial roughness are evaluated. The influence of multilayer coating on the stress response of the system is predicted. It is shown that the position of the system may fail under heavy load. It shows that the thickness of the coating, the modulus of elasticity and the change of the working condition have a great influence on its Elastohydrodynamic characteristics. Compared with the hard coating, the Elastohydrodynamic response of the soft coating is more sensitive to the change of velocity and load; the micro crack is explained by mechanical way. The effect of oil film pressure and interfacial shear stress on the surface roughness is smaller than that of the soft and thick coating, and the shear stress of the rough interface depends largely on the matching degree of the coating and the matrix, while the functionally graded multilayer coating system can effectively prevent the interfacial delamination and the subsurface pitting failure. (5) After four ball experiments, the friction and wear properties of three solid lubricating coatings of TiN, WC/C and DLC were compared and studied. The Tribological Mechanism of them under heavy load lubrication was revealed. It was found that the friction coefficient of the TiN coating was the largest and the DLC was the smallest after running in and out. The wear failure mode of TiN coating was oxidation peeling, WC/C as oxidation pitting, and DLC in the grinding mark. The transfer film was formed nearby, and the WC/C and DLC coatings showed good antifriction, wear resistance and running in characteristics.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：重慶大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：TH117
本文編號(hào)：2155773
[Abstract]:As one of the key technologies of modern industrial development, advanced surface engineering technology has become an important frontier for advanced manufacturing technology and overtaking international advanced level. The development of surface engineering has greatly promoted the progress of solid lubrication coating, and made solid lubricant with excellent friction reduction and wear resistance on the surface of the friction pair. The slippery coating, paired as a new contact pair, can prolong the service life of the friction pair, improve the mechanical efficiency and save the material. At present, the solid lubrication coating has been widely used in modern industrial technology, such as engine and mechanical transmission, and has achieved great economic value and social effect. The residual stress of large film coating produced by structural mismatch and preparation process may be a catalyst for coating cracks and interfacial delamination damage. The theoretical study of this problem needs to be strengthened. It has important guiding significance for the preparation of solid lubricating coatings. The grain problem has become an obstacle to the durability and reliability design of the solid lubricating coating. It is urgent to carry out the basic theoretical research on the failure of the coating, and have significant significance to the failure prediction and evaluation of the coating. In addition, the tribological characteristics of the solid lubrication coating are studied and the reasonable coating parameters and moistening are used in theory. The slip design avoids the failure of the coating matrix system and effectively improves the bearing capacity and service life of the friction pair. It is of great theoretical and practical value for the development of the coating tribological application. In this paper, the interfacial delamination damage, the evolution of the coating crack and the tribological characteristics of the above solid lubricating coating matrix system are discussed in this paper. The research work of physical vapor deposition coating and steel matrix system is carried out systematically. The main work and results are summarized as follows: (1) the residual stress modes of the coating matrix system considering the roughness of the coating are established to solve the problem that the coating may appear in the interfacial layer and the coating crack under the residual stress. By extending the finite element technique, the J integral method and the cohesive force method, the interfacial stratification damage and the evolution of the coating crack under the residual stress are theoretically studied. It shows that the roughness has a great influence on the residual stress and the matrix plastic behavior of the coating, and the interfacial failure is compared with the interface normal stress. The shear stress change is more sensitive, and the two near crack tip in the multi crack is easier to expand and eventually fuse; and, from the mechanical point of view, the medium layer with moderate thermal expansion coefficient can better protect the whole system. (2) the problem of how to evaluate the coating's self crack and how to evaluate the coating's own crack by the layer of the coating matrix interface. The nano indentation method was used to characterize the failure of the system. The finite element model of the indentation of the coating matrix system containing the cohesive unit was established. The influence of cohesive properties, the elastic modulus and the thickness of the coating on the coating cracks and the interfacial stratification were investigated, and the interaction law of the coating cracks and the interfacial stratification was revealed. The increasing cohesion and energy of the coating can effectively prevent the formation of the crack, but it also increases the possibility of the interfacial delamination failure. When the cohesive force is at a critical value, the interfacial lamination resistance is minimal. However, the coating cracks are not sensitive to the cohesive force properties of the interface, and the less the modulus of the coating, the more the coating system is. It is easy to avoid these injuries; the thickness of the coating also has a certain critical value in influencing the crack and the critical load of the interface layer. (3) the diamond like (DLC) coating is deposited on the surface of the carburized steel substrate by the composite ion plating technology. The experimental study is carried out by the nano indentation method. The load displacement curve of the pressure head is obtained in real time. At several jumping points, it means the failure of the internal crack or interface layer in the system. After the completion of the indentation experiment, it is found through the scanning electron microscope and the focused ion beam system that the circular crack of the regular penetrating thickness and the interfacial stratification appear at the indentation of the DLC coating. The experimental results verify the correctness of the simulation results. Finally, the fracture toughness and interfacial bonding energy of the coating are estimated by the indentation results. (4) the micro elastohydrodynamic lubrication model of the coating matrix system is established. Based on the Full-system finite element method, the Elastohydrodynamic friction characteristics of the coating are studied. The thickness of the coating, the elastic modulus of the coating, the working condition, the interface microwave Valley, the surface and the interfacial roughness are evaluated. The influence of multilayer coating on the stress response of the system is predicted. It is shown that the position of the system may fail under heavy load. It shows that the thickness of the coating, the modulus of elasticity and the change of the working condition have a great influence on its Elastohydrodynamic characteristics. Compared with the hard coating, the Elastohydrodynamic response of the soft coating is more sensitive to the change of velocity and load; the micro crack is explained by mechanical way. The effect of oil film pressure and interfacial shear stress on the surface roughness is smaller than that of the soft and thick coating, and the shear stress of the rough interface depends largely on the matching degree of the coating and the matrix, while the functionally graded multilayer coating system can effectively prevent the interfacial delamination and the subsurface pitting failure. (5) After four ball experiments, the friction and wear properties of three solid lubricating coatings of TiN, WC/C and DLC were compared and studied. The Tribological Mechanism of them under heavy load lubrication was revealed. It was found that the friction coefficient of the TiN coating was the largest and the DLC was the smallest after running in and out. The wear failure mode of TiN coating was oxidation peeling, WC/C as oxidation pitting, and DLC in the grinding mark. The transfer film was formed nearby, and the WC/C and DLC coatings showed good antifriction, wear resistance and running in characteristics.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：重慶大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：TH117
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