鄉(xiāng)村權(quán)力基礎(chǔ)的嬗變與再構(gòu)
發(fā)布時間：2018-10-09 10:40
【摘要】：鄉(xiāng)村是整個社會的基礎(chǔ)，鄉(xiāng)村社會是否安定、有序，對于一個國家和社會的影響具有非常重要的作用。在當代，國家對鄉(xiāng)村社會的管理主要依靠國家權(quán)力在鄉(xiāng)村的延伸即鄉(xiāng)村權(quán)力的運作，國家對鄉(xiāng)村社會管理是否有效在很大程度上取決于鄉(xiāng)村權(quán)力的合法性程度和對權(quán)力資源的獲取能力，也即權(quán)力基礎(chǔ)是否穩(wěn)固。我國從秦統(tǒng)一六國建立起中央集權(quán)的官僚帝國之后，在歷史上絕大部分時間都是一個統(tǒng)一的中央集權(quán)國家，但是這種集權(quán)的官僚統(tǒng)治只到縣級，在縣以下沒有正式的權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)，即所謂“王權(quán)不下縣”。在中國傳統(tǒng)社會，由于土地的變動不居和維持中央集權(quán)制的穩(wěn)定以及土地所有制穩(wěn)定的需要，要求找到一種共同的組織形式，即將農(nóng)民、地主和國家結(jié)合起來，將沒有正規(guī)組織的鄉(xiāng)村和國家結(jié)合起來，家族制度、保甲制度即是這種結(jié)合的最重要也是最基本的制度，經(jīng)過歷代的承襲，這些制度逐步發(fā)展成為一套中國古代行之有效的調(diào)控制度和機制。其中家族制度最為重要，它是具有準行政傾向的重要的社會組織，以血緣關(guān)系為紐帶，，以士紳為中介，以科舉制度為誘餌，將國家政權(quán)與鄉(xiāng)村社會聯(lián)系起來。正是通過家族制度，行政體制在基層獲得了延伸，鄉(xiāng)村社會也才會在沒有正式體制的控制下得以延續(xù)和維持。所以，家族制度成為中國傳統(tǒng)社會鄉(xiāng)村權(quán)力最重要的基礎(chǔ)。近代以后，以家族制度為核心的“宗法制”的權(quán)力基礎(chǔ)逐漸解體，作為支持宗法制的意識形態(tài)——儒家思想遭到了中國近現(xiàn)代民族虛無主義者的無情打擊，幾乎完全失去了影響力；處于領(lǐng)導地位的士紳階層逐漸被削弱直至完全消滅；其存在的經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)——農(nóng)業(yè)為主的自然經(jīng)濟逐漸破產(chǎn)，土地改革使其完全喪失。 新中國成立以后，我國建立起了高度集中的政治經(jīng)濟體制，在農(nóng)村建立了政社合一的人民公社體制，實現(xiàn)了國家對社會的全面覆蓋，政權(quán)具有空前強大的整合、控制能力。改革開放以后，中國社會發(fā)生了深刻的變化，包括鄉(xiāng)村權(quán)力在內(nèi)的權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)也發(fā)生了深刻的變化，但是鄉(xiāng)村權(quán)力依然帶有強烈的人民公社的特征，權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)和權(quán)力運行高度集中的現(xiàn)象依然存在。 論文以改革開放的不斷深化為背景，詳細分析了農(nóng)村的幾次重大改革和社會變革對鄉(xiāng)村權(quán)力基礎(chǔ)的影響：家庭聯(lián)產(chǎn)承包責任制瓦解了鄉(xiāng)村權(quán)力的經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)，“鄉(xiāng)政村治”瓦解了鄉(xiāng)村權(quán)力的組織基礎(chǔ)，農(nóng)村稅費改革瓦解了鄉(xiāng)村權(quán)力的財政基礎(chǔ)，農(nóng)村大規(guī)模人口流動瓦解了鄉(xiāng)村基層權(quán)力的社會基礎(chǔ)。這些以市場化取向的改革，從根本上動搖和瓦解了鄉(xiāng)村權(quán)力的基礎(chǔ)，面對鄉(xiāng)村經(jīng)濟、社會結(jié)構(gòu)和權(quán)力的日益多元化，鄉(xiāng)村權(quán)力亟需獲得新的基礎(chǔ)，構(gòu)建有序的權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)和治理秩序。論文提出了初步的思路：通過增強鄉(xiāng)村權(quán)力的合法性基礎(chǔ)、轉(zhuǎn)變基層政府職能、理順鄉(xiāng)村關(guān)系、構(gòu)建新型農(nóng)村公共財政供給體系等措施，夯實鄉(xiāng)村權(quán)力的基礎(chǔ)，提高鄉(xiāng)村組織的組織能力，扭轉(zhuǎn)鄉(xiāng)村權(quán)力流失和基層社會失控狀況，從而為農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)提供強大的制度支撐，使鄉(xiāng)村社會治理更加完善、農(nóng)村發(fā)展更加美好。
[Abstract]:The countryside is the foundation of the whole society, and the rural society is stable and orderly, and has very important effect on the influence of a country and society. In the present time, the state's management of rural society mainly depends on the extension of the state power in the countryside, that is, the operation of the rural power, whether the state is effective in the rural social management depends to a great extent on the legality of the country power and the acquisition ability of the power resource, That is, whether the power base is firm or not. After the establishment of the bureaucratic empire in the six countries of Qin Dynasty, most of the time in history is a unified bureaucracy, but this centralized bureaucratic rule only reaches the county level, and there is no formal power structure below the county, that is, so-called "No less than the county". in that Chinese traditional society, because of the lack of land and the stability of the state-owned land and the stability of land ownership, a common form of organization is required to combine the peasants, the landlords and the state to combine the country and the country with no formal organization, It is the most important and basic system of this combination, which gradually develops into an effective control system and mechanism in ancient China. Among them, the jury system is the most important. It is an important social organization with quasi-administrative tendency, which links the state power with the rural society by means of consanguinity as the intermediary, taking the imperial examination system as the intermediary, taking the imperial examination system as the bait. It is through the privatization system that the administrative system has been extended at the grass-roots level, and the rural community will continue and sustain under the control of the absence of an official system. Therefore, the system becomes the most important foundation of the rural power of Chinese traditional society. After modern times, it was centered on the system of science and technology. "Emperor's rule of law" On the basis of the gradual dissolution of the power base, the ideology _ Confucianism, which supports the rule of law, has been hit hard by the nihilist of the modern Chinese people, almost completely lost influence; Its existence of economic base _ agriculture is the natural economy that is gradually bankrupt, land reform makes it completely lost. After the founding of the new China, China has established a highly centralized political economic system, established the system of the people's commune in unity with the government in the rural areas, realized the comprehensive coverage of the state to the society, and the power has unprecedented and powerful integration and control. After the reform and opening up, profound changes have taken place in the Chinese society, including the power structure including the rural power, but the rural power still has the characteristics of the strong people's commune, the power structure and the power operation are highly centralized. On the background of the deepening reform and opening-up, the paper analyzes the impacts of several major reforms and social changes on the rural power base on the basis of deepening reform and opening-up. the economic base of the economy, "Township Administration Village Rule" has dismantled the organizational foundation of rural power, the rural tax reform and tax reform broke down the rural power's financial foundation, and the large-scale population flow in the countryside collapsed the rural grass-roots power. On the basis of the reform of the market-oriented orientation, the foundation of the rural power is fundamentally shaken and destroyed, and facing the increasingly diverse rural economy, social structure and power, the rural power urgently needs to acquire a new foundation and construct an orderly power structure. The paper puts forward a preliminary thinking: by strengthening the legitimacy of rural power, transforming the government functions of the grass-roots level, streamlining the rural relations, building the new rural public finance supply system and other measures, tamping the foundation of rural power, and improving the rural organization. The organization's ability to reverse the loss of rural power and the control of the grass-roots society, thus providing a strong institutional support for the rural modernization construction, making the rural social governance more perfect and the rural development.
【學位授予單位】：河南大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：D422.6
本文編號：2259032
[Abstract]:The countryside is the foundation of the whole society, and the rural society is stable and orderly, and has very important effect on the influence of a country and society. In the present time, the state's management of rural society mainly depends on the extension of the state power in the countryside, that is, the operation of the rural power, whether the state is effective in the rural social management depends to a great extent on the legality of the country power and the acquisition ability of the power resource, That is, whether the power base is firm or not. After the establishment of the bureaucratic empire in the six countries of Qin Dynasty, most of the time in history is a unified bureaucracy, but this centralized bureaucratic rule only reaches the county level, and there is no formal power structure below the county, that is, so-called "No less than the county". in that Chinese traditional society, because of the lack of land and the stability of the state-owned land and the stability of land ownership, a common form of organization is required to combine the peasants, the landlords and the state to combine the country and the country with no formal organization, It is the most important and basic system of this combination, which gradually develops into an effective control system and mechanism in ancient China. Among them, the jury system is the most important. It is an important social organization with quasi-administrative tendency, which links the state power with the rural society by means of consanguinity as the intermediary, taking the imperial examination system as the intermediary, taking the imperial examination system as the bait. It is through the privatization system that the administrative system has been extended at the grass-roots level, and the rural community will continue and sustain under the control of the absence of an official system. Therefore, the system becomes the most important foundation of the rural power of Chinese traditional society. After modern times, it was centered on the system of science and technology. "Emperor's rule of law" On the basis of the gradual dissolution of the power base, the ideology _ Confucianism, which supports the rule of law, has been hit hard by the nihilist of the modern Chinese people, almost completely lost influence; Its existence of economic base _ agriculture is the natural economy that is gradually bankrupt, land reform makes it completely lost. After the founding of the new China, China has established a highly centralized political economic system, established the system of the people's commune in unity with the government in the rural areas, realized the comprehensive coverage of the state to the society, and the power has unprecedented and powerful integration and control. After the reform and opening up, profound changes have taken place in the Chinese society, including the power structure including the rural power, but the rural power still has the characteristics of the strong people's commune, the power structure and the power operation are highly centralized. On the background of the deepening reform and opening-up, the paper analyzes the impacts of several major reforms and social changes on the rural power base on the basis of deepening reform and opening-up. the economic base of the economy, "Township Administration Village Rule" has dismantled the organizational foundation of rural power, the rural tax reform and tax reform broke down the rural power's financial foundation, and the large-scale population flow in the countryside collapsed the rural grass-roots power. On the basis of the reform of the market-oriented orientation, the foundation of the rural power is fundamentally shaken and destroyed, and facing the increasingly diverse rural economy, social structure and power, the rural power urgently needs to acquire a new foundation and construct an orderly power structure. The paper puts forward a preliminary thinking: by strengthening the legitimacy of rural power, transforming the government functions of the grass-roots level, streamlining the rural relations, building the new rural public finance supply system and other measures, tamping the foundation of rural power, and improving the rural organization. The organization's ability to reverse the loss of rural power and the control of the grass-roots society, thus providing a strong institutional support for the rural modernization construction, making the rural social governance more perfect and the rural development.
【學位授予單位】：河南大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：D422.6
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