當(dāng)代私塾教育中的德育問題及對策研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-07-25 12:27
【摘要】：私塾是中國古典教育最重要、最廣泛的組織形式,長期以來,私塾占據(jù)中國教育組織形式的主流,從皇朝都城到偏遠(yuǎn)村落,都有私塾的身影。廣泛分布的私塾,印證了中國兩千余年的教育理念、組織形式、教學(xué)模式和人才培養(yǎng)。私塾既有傳播知識,經(jīng)世致用的實(shí)踐追求,亦有成圣成賢,澄心立命的德育旨?xì)w。自孔子杏壇講學(xué)開始,中國私塾把儒家為仁由己、浩然之氣、大學(xué)明德、孝悌廉恥的德育理念視作教學(xué)根本,并圍繞此建立知識體系,實(shí)現(xiàn)培養(yǎng)士人品格,達(dá)到修齊治平的終極旨?xì)w,但也助長了摧殘人性、泯滅人欲的陰暗面。隨著民國建立,新式教育逐漸取代私塾,特別是新中國建立之后,私塾在中國幾乎處于絕跡狀態(tài)。在改革開放的新時代和市場經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)的今天,當(dāng)代私塾漸成浪潮。當(dāng)代私塾既有古代私塾的德育價值向度,即追尋追隨古風(fēng),以中國傳統(tǒng)道德理論,重拾當(dāng)代人的道德信仰,又有盲目接受傳統(tǒng)思想的消極方面,與當(dāng)代西方糟粕思潮妥協(xié),有德育質(zhì)量魚龍混雜的隱憂。筆者對當(dāng)代私塾的問題原因進(jìn)行了深層探索,并提出了五點(diǎn)行之有效的解決措施,以期為匡正當(dāng)代私塾德育問題作出有益的嘗試,推動當(dāng)代中國德育事業(yè),共筑中國夢。本文第一部分,筆者詳細(xì)考據(jù)了中國古代私塾的歷史沿革,指出私塾發(fā)展中涉及的主要人物及其代表觀點(diǎn),并從正反兩方面詳細(xì)論述了古代私塾道德教育的辯證價值,嘗試以古代私塾教學(xué)特點(diǎn)和基本教學(xué)方法為剖點(diǎn),將古代私塾出現(xiàn)的德育問題歸類分析。本部分的討論從歷史的維度將當(dāng)代私塾的背景進(jìn)行深刻挖掘,為后續(xù)討論提供了歷史思維框架。本文第二部分,筆者從政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、教育和國際五方面分析了當(dāng)代私塾出現(xiàn)的時代背景和邏輯必然性,嘗試以主體分析法為基礎(chǔ)切點(diǎn),從學(xué)生、家長、塾師、私塾機(jī)構(gòu)的經(jīng)營等方面崖略當(dāng)代私塾的特點(diǎn)。出現(xiàn)原因和特點(diǎn)的分析可以概觀當(dāng)代私塾的一般情況,得出當(dāng)代私塾的普適性定位,為下一步探討提供基礎(chǔ)。本文第三部分,筆者具體分析了當(dāng)代私塾德育存在的五點(diǎn)問題,指出存在歷史淵源、課程欠缺、商業(yè)沖擊、塾師素養(yǎng)、缺乏實(shí)踐導(dǎo)向的五維建構(gòu)盲區(qū),并指出歷史、學(xué)校、社會、塾師、理念的五向度原因,一一指出問題的深層次根源,做到靶向分析。本文第四部分,筆者針對之前的批判和解構(gòu)性分析,指出了當(dāng)代私塾德育發(fā)展完善的五條路徑,指出要在區(qū)分傳統(tǒng)精華與糟粕、把握全面培養(yǎng)的基本取向、協(xié)調(diào)商業(yè)與人文、培養(yǎng)高素質(zhì)塾師隊(duì)伍、重視道德實(shí)踐訓(xùn)練的基礎(chǔ)上,將當(dāng)代私塾推動發(fā)展到新的高平臺,成為當(dāng)代中國教育體系的重要補(bǔ)充。當(dāng)代私塾既有歷史厚重的傳承與積淀,又有時代風(fēng)潮的契機(jī)與責(zé)任,必須去偽存真,創(chuàng)設(shè)正確的發(fā)展對策和路徑,走出理論和實(shí)踐的迷陣,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)當(dāng)代私塾的健康發(fā)展,承擔(dān)其應(yīng)有的時代使命。
[Abstract]:Private school is the most important and extensive organization form of Chinese classical education. For a long time, private school has occupied the mainstream of educational organization in China, from the capital of the imperial dynasty to the remote villages. The widely distributed private schools have confirmed China's educational concept, organizational form, teaching model and talent training for more than two thousand years. Private schools not only spread knowledge, practical pursuit of the world, but also the moral purpose of becoming saints and saints. Since Confucius' almond altar lecture, Chinese private schools have regarded Confucianism as a moral education principle of benevolence, virtue, filial piety and moral integrity as the basis of teaching, and has built up a knowledge system around it so as to realize the cultivation of the character of the scholars. To achieve the ultimate goal, but also contributed to the destruction of human nature, devoid of the dark side of human desire. With the founding of the Republic of China, modern education gradually replaced private schools, especially after the establishment of New China, private schools almost disappeared in China. In the new era of reform and opening to the outside world and the further promotion of the market economy today, contemporary private schools gradually become a wave. Contemporary private schools have not only the value of moral education of ancient private schools, but also the negative aspects of blindly accepting the traditional ideas, that is, to follow the ancient style, to regain the moral beliefs of contemporary people with the Chinese traditional moral theory, and to compromise with the dross thoughts of the contemporary West. There are hidden worries about the quality of moral education. The author probes deeply into the causes of the problems of contemporary private schools and puts forward five effective measures to solve them in order to make a beneficial attempt for rectifying the problems of moral education in contemporary private schools and to promote the cause of moral education in contemporary China and build Chinese Dream altogether. In the first part of this paper, the author makes a detailed study of the historical evolution of private schools in ancient China, points out the main figures involved in the development of private schools and their representative views, and discusses in detail the dialectical value of moral education in ancient private schools from both positive and negative aspects. Based on the teaching characteristics and basic teaching methods of ancient private schools, this paper classifies and analyzes the problems of moral education in ancient private schools. The discussion in this part excavates the background of contemporary private schools from the perspective of history and provides a historical thinking framework for further discussion. In the second part of this paper, the author analyzes the background and logical inevitability of the emergence of contemporary private schools from the political, economic, cultural, educational and international aspects. Private school management and other aspects of the characteristics of contemporary private schools. The analysis of the reasons and characteristics can outline the general situation of the contemporary private schools, and obtain the general orientation of the contemporary private schools, and provide the basis for the next discussion. In the third part of this paper, the author concretely analyzes the five problems existing in the moral education of contemporary private schools, and points out that there are historical origin, lack of curriculum, business impact, teachers' accomplishment, lack of practice-oriented five-dimensional construction blind zone, and the history, school, etc. The five-dimensional reason of the society, teacher and idea, point out the deep root of the problem one by one, and achieve the target analysis. In the fourth part of this paper, the author points out five ways to perfect the moral education of contemporary private schools in the light of the previous critical and deconstruction analysis, and points out that we should distinguish the traditional essence from the dross, grasp the basic orientation of all-round cultivation, and coordinate business and humanities. On the basis of cultivating high quality teachers and paying attention to the training of moral practice, the contemporary private schools are promoted to a new high platform, which is an important supplement to the contemporary Chinese educational system. Contemporary private schools not only have a heavy historical heritage and accumulation, but also have the opportunity and responsibility of the times. We must identify false things, retain the real things, create correct development strategies and paths, and go out of the confusion of theory and practice, so as to realize the healthy development of contemporary private schools. Undertake its due mission of the times.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：G629.299
本文編號：2143817
[Abstract]:Private school is the most important and extensive organization form of Chinese classical education. For a long time, private school has occupied the mainstream of educational organization in China, from the capital of the imperial dynasty to the remote villages. The widely distributed private schools have confirmed China's educational concept, organizational form, teaching model and talent training for more than two thousand years. Private schools not only spread knowledge, practical pursuit of the world, but also the moral purpose of becoming saints and saints. Since Confucius' almond altar lecture, Chinese private schools have regarded Confucianism as a moral education principle of benevolence, virtue, filial piety and moral integrity as the basis of teaching, and has built up a knowledge system around it so as to realize the cultivation of the character of the scholars. To achieve the ultimate goal, but also contributed to the destruction of human nature, devoid of the dark side of human desire. With the founding of the Republic of China, modern education gradually replaced private schools, especially after the establishment of New China, private schools almost disappeared in China. In the new era of reform and opening to the outside world and the further promotion of the market economy today, contemporary private schools gradually become a wave. Contemporary private schools have not only the value of moral education of ancient private schools, but also the negative aspects of blindly accepting the traditional ideas, that is, to follow the ancient style, to regain the moral beliefs of contemporary people with the Chinese traditional moral theory, and to compromise with the dross thoughts of the contemporary West. There are hidden worries about the quality of moral education. The author probes deeply into the causes of the problems of contemporary private schools and puts forward five effective measures to solve them in order to make a beneficial attempt for rectifying the problems of moral education in contemporary private schools and to promote the cause of moral education in contemporary China and build Chinese Dream altogether. In the first part of this paper, the author makes a detailed study of the historical evolution of private schools in ancient China, points out the main figures involved in the development of private schools and their representative views, and discusses in detail the dialectical value of moral education in ancient private schools from both positive and negative aspects. Based on the teaching characteristics and basic teaching methods of ancient private schools, this paper classifies and analyzes the problems of moral education in ancient private schools. The discussion in this part excavates the background of contemporary private schools from the perspective of history and provides a historical thinking framework for further discussion. In the second part of this paper, the author analyzes the background and logical inevitability of the emergence of contemporary private schools from the political, economic, cultural, educational and international aspects. Private school management and other aspects of the characteristics of contemporary private schools. The analysis of the reasons and characteristics can outline the general situation of the contemporary private schools, and obtain the general orientation of the contemporary private schools, and provide the basis for the next discussion. In the third part of this paper, the author concretely analyzes the five problems existing in the moral education of contemporary private schools, and points out that there are historical origin, lack of curriculum, business impact, teachers' accomplishment, lack of practice-oriented five-dimensional construction blind zone, and the history, school, etc. The five-dimensional reason of the society, teacher and idea, point out the deep root of the problem one by one, and achieve the target analysis. In the fourth part of this paper, the author points out five ways to perfect the moral education of contemporary private schools in the light of the previous critical and deconstruction analysis, and points out that we should distinguish the traditional essence from the dross, grasp the basic orientation of all-round cultivation, and coordinate business and humanities. On the basis of cultivating high quality teachers and paying attention to the training of moral practice, the contemporary private schools are promoted to a new high platform, which is an important supplement to the contemporary Chinese educational system. Contemporary private schools not only have a heavy historical heritage and accumulation, but also have the opportunity and responsibility of the times. We must identify false things, retain the real things, create correct development strategies and paths, and go out of the confusion of theory and practice, so as to realize the healthy development of contemporary private schools. Undertake its due mission of the times.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：G629.299
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