轉(zhuǎn)型期中國(guó)女性政治參與問(wèn)題研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-07-25 06:20
【摘要】：眾所周知,占全球總?cè)丝诮霐?shù)的女性盡管在生存狀況上存在較大的差異,卻有著一個(gè)共同的特點(diǎn)：即相對(duì)于男性,女性在政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化等領(lǐng)域處于較低的地位。男女不平等自古以來(lái)就一直存在,在男權(quán)主義占絕對(duì)統(tǒng)治地位的奴隸社會(huì)和封建社會(huì),女性基本沒(méi)有參與政治活動(dòng)的權(quán)利和資格。自近代以來(lái),伴隨著民主、自由、平等等先進(jìn)思潮的萌發(fā),女權(quán)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)悄然興起,越來(lái)越多的女性開(kāi)始覺(jué)醒,為爭(zhēng)取自身權(quán)益,投身到一系列的政治活動(dòng)中去。經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的努力和斗爭(zhēng),政治領(lǐng)域中的男性霸主地位開(kāi)始受到挑戰(zhàn),女性開(kāi)始擁有政治參與權(quán)并在政治舞臺(tái)嶄露頭角,當(dāng)今社會(huì),有些女性甚至進(jìn)入了最高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層,在國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)際政治舞臺(tái)上發(fā)揮重要作用。 在中國(guó)的封建社會(huì),男權(quán)文化和男權(quán)統(tǒng)治可謂根深蒂固。歷史課本上出現(xiàn)的諸如武則天、慈禧太后這樣的女性政治參與者,可以說(shuō)是女性政治參與者中的佼佼者,然而世人對(duì)她們的政治參與行為的評(píng)價(jià)卻通常都是較為負(fù)面的,這一普遍現(xiàn)象直到近代民主思想傳入中國(guó)以后才稍有改觀。中國(guó)女性的政治參與有其歷史必然性,也有其主觀能動(dòng)性。一方面,隨著社會(huì)的進(jìn)步和文明的發(fā)展,民主平等的思潮應(yīng)運(yùn)而生；另一方面,中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨在婦女問(wèn)題上的覺(jué)悟與認(rèn)識(shí)也為我國(guó)女性的政治參與創(chuàng)造了有利條件。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨自成立以來(lái),就一直把婦女解放、男女平等作為其奮斗目標(biāo)之一,非常重視賦予女性政治權(quán)利；新中國(guó)成立以后,由具有臨時(shí)憲法性質(zhì)的《共同綱領(lǐng)》的第一章第六條規(guī)定：中華人民共和國(guó)廢除束縛婦女的封建制度,婦女在政治的、經(jīng)濟(jì)的、文化教育的、社會(huì)的生活各方面,均有與男子平等的權(quán)利[1]。至此,中國(guó)女性的政治參與得到了強(qiáng)有力的法律保障。改革開(kāi)放后,女性在政治領(lǐng)域中的地位發(fā)生了很大的變化,越來(lái)越多的女性開(kāi)始參與政治,在許多政治問(wèn)題上提出自己的觀點(diǎn)和看法,可以說(shuō)女性在政治生活中的表現(xiàn)越來(lái)越活躍,作用也越來(lái)越突出,一批又一批的女性開(kāi)始在國(guó)內(nèi)甚至國(guó)際政治舞臺(tái)引領(lǐng)風(fēng)騷。 自改革開(kāi)放以來(lái),我國(guó)的社會(huì)主義建設(shè)進(jìn)入了新的階段,面臨著新的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn),我國(guó)黨與政府在缺乏發(fā)展經(jīng)驗(yàn)的情況下唯有帶領(lǐng)廣大人民“摸著石頭過(guò)河”。經(jīng)歷多年的堅(jiān)持不懈與努力,我黨總結(jié)相關(guān)經(jīng)驗(yàn),吸取相關(guān)教訓(xùn),在困境中找到了一條適合我國(guó)國(guó)情的現(xiàn)實(shí)發(fā)展道路,實(shí)現(xiàn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)上的快速穩(wěn)步增長(zhǎng),政治上的科學(xué)民主完善以及人民生活上的逐步富裕提高。尤其是在女性的政治參與方面,更有了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)步,不僅相繼建立起保護(hù)女性政治權(quán)利的相關(guān)法律制度及法規(guī)政策,而且在實(shí)際工作中進(jìn)行監(jiān)督與管理,使得我國(guó)的女性政治參與在人數(shù)上有了巨大的突破,男女參與比例的差距有所縮小,女性政治參與的意識(shí)和素質(zhì)也得帶提高,女性政治參與的能力和水平也較以往有了很大的進(jìn)步。但是,轉(zhuǎn)型期以來(lái),我國(guó)的女性政治參與狀況并不只是一片繁榮的大好景象,其道路依然坎坷,許多問(wèn)題依然存在。首先,比例低、結(jié)構(gòu)不合理、功能虛化等問(wèn)題依然沒(méi)有得到解決；其次,女性整體的素質(zhì)和能力有待進(jìn)一步提高；再次,女性的社會(huì)性別意識(shí)還比較薄弱,整個(gè)社會(huì)還缺乏先進(jìn)的社會(huì)性別文化；最后,關(guān)于女性政治參與的法律制度體系還需進(jìn)一步完善。 事實(shí)上,中國(guó)進(jìn)入轉(zhuǎn)型期后,黨和政府一直很重視和支持婦女工作,在很多方面都制定了有利于女性發(fā)展的傾斜政策,但女性問(wèn)題依然存在,尤其是在政治參與方面,女性始終與男性存有較大差距,成為建設(shè)民主政治的主要障礙,究其根源,還是我國(guó)的社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、意識(shí)等方面的因素阻礙了其過(guò)程的發(fā)展。首先,我國(guó)的社會(huì)性別文化、民眾的普遍心理及社會(huì)輿論沒(méi)有為女性政治參與創(chuàng)造良好的社會(huì)環(huán)境；其次,我國(guó)的社會(huì)形態(tài)和政治體制制約和阻礙了女性政治參與的積極性和主動(dòng)性；再次,傳統(tǒng)的職業(yè)分工和家庭角色分工否定和消耗了女性的工作能力及精力；最后,女性群體自身的文化水平和心理素質(zhì)也影響了女性政治參與的進(jìn)程。針對(duì)上述問(wèn)題及原因,為了提高我國(guó)女性政治參與的水平,促進(jìn)我國(guó)女性政治參與的發(fā)展,必須采取積極的措施加以應(yīng)對(duì),總的來(lái)說(shuō),應(yīng)該從社會(huì)文化環(huán)境的構(gòu)建、法律制度的完善、社會(huì)分工和社會(huì)角色的重塑及女性整體素質(zhì)和意識(shí)的提高等方面著手,解決女性在政治參與方面遇到的問(wèn)題,真正實(shí)現(xiàn)男女在社會(huì)生活各個(gè)方面的平等,構(gòu)建社會(huì)主義和諧社會(huì)。
[Abstract]:As we all know, women, who account for nearly half of the total population of the world, have a common characteristic in spite of the great differences in their living conditions. That is, women are in a lower position in the political, economic, social and cultural fields relative to men. The inequality between men and women has been in existence since ancient times and the slaves in the absolute dominance of patriarchy. In the subordinate society and the feudal society, women had no rights and qualifications to participate in political activities. Since modern times, with the emergence of advanced trends of thought such as democracy, freedom and equality, feminism began to rise quietly, and more and more women began to awaken to a series of political activities for their own rights and interests. Power and struggle, the male hegemony in the political field began to be challenged. Women began to have the right to participate in political participation and come to the forefront of the political arena. Today, some women have even entered the highest leadership, playing an important role in the domestic and international political arena.
In the feudal society of China, the patriarchal culture and the patriarchal rule are ingrained. The female political participants, such as Wu Zetian and the Empress Dowager Ci Xi, can be said to be the best of the female political participants. However, the common people's assessment of their political participation is usually relatively negative, which is common. The phenomenon did not change slightly until the modern democratic thought was introduced into China. The political participation of Chinese women has its historical inevitability and subjective initiative. On the one hand, with the progress of society and the development of civilization, the ideological trend of democracy and equality came into being. On the other hand, the consciousness and understanding of the Chinese Communist Party on women's problems are also for me. The political participation of the women of the state has created favorable conditions. Since the founding of the Communist Party of China, women's Liberation and equality between men and women have been regarded as one of the goals of the struggle for women's political rights. After the founding of the new China, the first chapter of the sixth article of the common program, which has the nature of the provisional constitution, stipulates that: People's Republic of China The abolition of the feudal system that shackles women, women's political, economic, cultural and educational, and all aspects of social life all have equal rights with men [1].. At this point, the political participation of Chinese women has been strongly guaranteed. After the reform and opening up, the status of women in the political domain has changed greatly, and more and more women have become women. Sex begins to participate in politics and puts forward his views and views on many political issues. It can be said that women are more and more active in political life, and their roles are becoming more and more prominent. A batch of women are beginning to lead the world at the domestic and even international political stage.
Since the reform and opening up, our country's socialist construction has entered a new stage, facing new opportunities and challenges. In the absence of development experience, the party and government of our country only lead the people to "cross the river through the stone". Through years of perseverance and efforts, our party summarizes relevant experience, draws related lessons, and finds in difficulties. To a realistic development path suitable for the national conditions of our country, the rapid and steady economic growth has been realized, the political science and democracy and the gradual prosperity of the people's lives have been improved. In particular, the political participation of women has made great progress. Not only has the legal system to protect women's political rights has been established successively, but also the political rights of women have been built in succession. The regulations and policies, and the supervision and management in the actual work, have made a great breakthrough in the number of women's political participation in our country, the gap in the proportion of women and men is narrowed, the consciousness and quality of women's political participation have to be improved, and the ability and level of women's political participation have also been greatly improved. Since the period, the situation of women's political participation in our country is not only a prosperous scene, but the road is still rough and many problems still exist. First, the problems of low proportion, unreasonable structure and function deficiency are still not solved. Secondly, the quality and ability of women as a whole need to be further improved; again, women's society The gender consciousness is still relatively weak, and the whole society lacks the advanced social and gender culture. Finally, the legal system of women's political participation needs to be further improved.
In fact, after China's transition period, the party and the government have always attached great importance to and supported the work of women, and in many ways have formulated a policy of inclination for the development of women. However, the female problems still exist, especially in the political participation, women always have greater differences with men and become the main obstacles to the construction of democratic politics and the root cause. The social, economic, cultural, and conscious factors of our country have hindered the development of the process. First, the social gender culture of our country, the general public psychology and public opinion of the people did not create a good social environment for women's political participation; secondly, the social and political system of our country hindered and hindered the political participation of women. Thirdly, the traditional division of labor and the division of labor of family negates and consumes the working ability and energy of women. Finally, the cultural level and psychological quality of the female group also affect the process of women's political participation. In order to improve the level of women's political participation in our country and promote the level of political participation in our country, the promotion of the level of women's political participation in China is promoted. The development of Chinese women's political participation must take positive measures to deal with it. In general, we should begin with the construction of the social and cultural environment, the perfection of the legal system, the social division of labor and the reshaping of the social role, the improvement of the overall quality and consciousness of women, and the real realization of the problems encountered by women in the political participation. Equality between men and women in all aspects of social life and building a harmonious socialist society.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：C913.68;D621.5
本文編號(hào)：2142904
[Abstract]:As we all know, women, who account for nearly half of the total population of the world, have a common characteristic in spite of the great differences in their living conditions. That is, women are in a lower position in the political, economic, social and cultural fields relative to men. The inequality between men and women has been in existence since ancient times and the slaves in the absolute dominance of patriarchy. In the subordinate society and the feudal society, women had no rights and qualifications to participate in political activities. Since modern times, with the emergence of advanced trends of thought such as democracy, freedom and equality, feminism began to rise quietly, and more and more women began to awaken to a series of political activities for their own rights and interests. Power and struggle, the male hegemony in the political field began to be challenged. Women began to have the right to participate in political participation and come to the forefront of the political arena. Today, some women have even entered the highest leadership, playing an important role in the domestic and international political arena.
In the feudal society of China, the patriarchal culture and the patriarchal rule are ingrained. The female political participants, such as Wu Zetian and the Empress Dowager Ci Xi, can be said to be the best of the female political participants. However, the common people's assessment of their political participation is usually relatively negative, which is common. The phenomenon did not change slightly until the modern democratic thought was introduced into China. The political participation of Chinese women has its historical inevitability and subjective initiative. On the one hand, with the progress of society and the development of civilization, the ideological trend of democracy and equality came into being. On the other hand, the consciousness and understanding of the Chinese Communist Party on women's problems are also for me. The political participation of the women of the state has created favorable conditions. Since the founding of the Communist Party of China, women's Liberation and equality between men and women have been regarded as one of the goals of the struggle for women's political rights. After the founding of the new China, the first chapter of the sixth article of the common program, which has the nature of the provisional constitution, stipulates that: People's Republic of China The abolition of the feudal system that shackles women, women's political, economic, cultural and educational, and all aspects of social life all have equal rights with men [1].. At this point, the political participation of Chinese women has been strongly guaranteed. After the reform and opening up, the status of women in the political domain has changed greatly, and more and more women have become women. Sex begins to participate in politics and puts forward his views and views on many political issues. It can be said that women are more and more active in political life, and their roles are becoming more and more prominent. A batch of women are beginning to lead the world at the domestic and even international political stage.
Since the reform and opening up, our country's socialist construction has entered a new stage, facing new opportunities and challenges. In the absence of development experience, the party and government of our country only lead the people to "cross the river through the stone". Through years of perseverance and efforts, our party summarizes relevant experience, draws related lessons, and finds in difficulties. To a realistic development path suitable for the national conditions of our country, the rapid and steady economic growth has been realized, the political science and democracy and the gradual prosperity of the people's lives have been improved. In particular, the political participation of women has made great progress. Not only has the legal system to protect women's political rights has been established successively, but also the political rights of women have been built in succession. The regulations and policies, and the supervision and management in the actual work, have made a great breakthrough in the number of women's political participation in our country, the gap in the proportion of women and men is narrowed, the consciousness and quality of women's political participation have to be improved, and the ability and level of women's political participation have also been greatly improved. Since the period, the situation of women's political participation in our country is not only a prosperous scene, but the road is still rough and many problems still exist. First, the problems of low proportion, unreasonable structure and function deficiency are still not solved. Secondly, the quality and ability of women as a whole need to be further improved; again, women's society The gender consciousness is still relatively weak, and the whole society lacks the advanced social and gender culture. Finally, the legal system of women's political participation needs to be further improved.
In fact, after China's transition period, the party and the government have always attached great importance to and supported the work of women, and in many ways have formulated a policy of inclination for the development of women. However, the female problems still exist, especially in the political participation, women always have greater differences with men and become the main obstacles to the construction of democratic politics and the root cause. The social, economic, cultural, and conscious factors of our country have hindered the development of the process. First, the social gender culture of our country, the general public psychology and public opinion of the people did not create a good social environment for women's political participation; secondly, the social and political system of our country hindered and hindered the political participation of women. Thirdly, the traditional division of labor and the division of labor of family negates and consumes the working ability and energy of women. Finally, the cultural level and psychological quality of the female group also affect the process of women's political participation. In order to improve the level of women's political participation in our country and promote the level of political participation in our country, the promotion of the level of women's political participation in China is promoted. The development of Chinese women's political participation must take positive measures to deal with it. In general, we should begin with the construction of the social and cultural environment, the perfection of the legal system, the social division of labor and the reshaping of the social role, the improvement of the overall quality and consciousness of women, and the real realization of the problems encountered by women in the political participation. Equality between men and women in all aspects of social life and building a harmonious socialist society.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：C913.68;D621.5
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