本文選題：1857年憲法 + 胡亞雷斯�。� 參考：《河北大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：1857年2月5日,墨西哥自由派頒布了著名的《1857年憲法》,憲法否定了墨西哥教會、軍隊(duì)(即墨西哥保守派)的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)特權(quán),保守派隨即挑起了改革戰(zhàn)爭(即內(nèi)戰(zhàn))。自由派總統(tǒng)胡亞雷斯堅(jiān)持遵守《1857年憲法》,他決心把墨西哥從帶有濃厚封建殘余的半封建社會帶入近代化的法制社會,雖然歷經(jīng)血雨腥風(fēng)的戰(zhàn)爭,但他是為此堅(jiān)韌不拔、勇于追求。墨西哥改革戰(zhàn)爭歷時四年,歷經(jīng)了防御階段、相持階段和反攻階段。在相持階段,自由派臨時政府頒布了最為矚目的1859年《墨西哥社會改革宣言》(簡稱《改革法》),1859年《改革法》規(guī)定無條件沒收教會財產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)歸國有,剝奪教會婚喪嫁娶登記的民政事務(wù)權(quán),實(shí)行政教分離的政治制度,削弱了墨西哥教會在政治舞臺上的影響力,使得教會在墨西哥政治舞臺上的影響急劇下降,深刻改變了墨西哥日后的政治力量對比。在改革戰(zhàn)爭的中后期,墨西哥改革戰(zhàn)爭也受到了世界主要資本主義列強(qiáng)的關(guān)注,歐洲列強(qiáng)選擇了支持保守派,而對墨西哥政治影響最大的美國,根據(jù)自身利益選擇了支持墨西哥自由派,這更有助于自由派贏得改革戰(zhàn)爭。墨西哥改革戰(zhàn)爭是一場資產(chǎn)階級革命,它為墨西哥資產(chǎn)階級進(jìn)一步發(fā)展掃除了障礙,推動了歷史進(jìn)步。在改革戰(zhàn)爭中,墨西哥自由派先被迫離開首都墨西哥城,后從瓜達(dá)拉哈拉城逃到韋拉克魯斯再到攻占墨西哥城,經(jīng)過了極其艱苦卓絕的戰(zhàn)斗,一路播撒“民主、法制”的火種,沉重打擊了以蘇洛亞加、米拉蒙等為代表的保守派勢力,教育了墨西哥民眾,宣揚(yáng)了自由、民主、法制、文明等現(xiàn)代化的思想觀念,有力地推動了社會進(jìn)步。內(nèi)戰(zhàn)波及到了全國最遙遠(yuǎn)的角落,演變成了自由派與保守派全國性的大混戰(zhàn),戰(zhàn)爭促進(jìn)了墨西哥人民民族民主意識的覺醒,以后無論誰在墨西哥稱帝都會遭到墨西哥人民的唾棄,君主制在墨西哥成為歷史。墨西哥改革戰(zhàn)爭不僅在墨西哥改革發(fā)展史上具有重大的歷史意義,而且在世界改革史上也具有十分重要的意義,其對墨西哥現(xiàn)代化的推動作用以及對墨西哥歷史發(fā)展的長遠(yuǎn)影響值得我們深入研究。本文以馬克思唯物主義的歷史觀為指導(dǎo),以掌握大量的史料為前提,以事件發(fā)生的先后順序?yàn)榫�索,通過改革戰(zhàn)爭引起的方方面面的變化,如戶籍登記制度、民眾信仰自由、教會財產(chǎn)國有化等,深入分析墨西哥改革戰(zhàn)爭的背景、原因、經(jīng)過、意義等,以求做到實(shí)事求是、全面、公正的科學(xué)態(tài)度研究改革戰(zhàn)爭。
[Abstract]:On February 5, 1857, the Mexican liberals promulgated the famous Constitution of 1857, which denied the political and economic privileges of the Mexican Church, the army (or Mexican conservatives), who immediately started the war of reform (civil war). President Huarez insisted on abiding by the 1857 Constitution. He was determined to bring Mexico from a semi-feudal society with strong feudal vestiges to a modern legal society. Dare to pursue. Mexico's reform war lasted four years, went through the stage of defense, stalemate and counter-attack. During the stalemate period, the liberal interim government promulgated the most notable Declaration of Social Reform in Mexico of 1859 (the Reform Act), which provided for the unconditional confiscation of church property to be nationalized. The deprivation of the church's right to civil affairs of marriage and funeral registration and the implementation of a political system of separation of the state and religion weakened the influence of the Mexican church on the political stage and caused a sharp decline in the influence of the church on the Mexican political stage. A profound change in Mexico's future balance of political power. In the middle and late stages of the reform war, Mexico's reform war also attracted the attention of the world's major capitalist powers. The European powers chose to support conservatives, while the United States, which had the greatest influence on Mexican politics, By choosing to support the Mexican liberals in their own right, this helps liberals win the war on reform. The Mexican Reform War was a bourgeois revolution, which cleared the way for the further development of the Mexican bourgeoisie and promoted the historical progress. In the reform war, the Mexican liberals were forced to leave the capital Mexico City first, then fled from Guadalajara to Veracruz to capture Mexico City. After an extremely arduous battle, they spread the flames of "democracy, the rule of law," along the way. It dealt a heavy blow to the conservative forces represented by Suloaga and Milamon, educated the Mexican people, propagated the ideas of modernization, such as freedom, democracy, legal system, civilization, and so on, and forcefully promoted social progress. The civil war spread to the farthest corners of the country and turned into a nationwide scuffle between liberals and conservatives. The war promoted the awakening of the Mexican people's national democratic consciousness. In the future whoever became king in Mexico would be rejected by the Mexican people, and the monarchy would become a history in Mexico. The Mexican Reform War is of great historical significance not only in the history of Mexican reform, but also in the history of world reform. Its promoting effect on Mexico's modernization and its long-term influence on Mexico's historical development are worthy of further study. Under the guidance of Marxist historical materialism, under the premise of mastering a large amount of historical data, taking the sequence of events as a clue, and by reforming the changes in all aspects caused by the war, such as the household registration system and the people's freedom of belief, This paper analyzes deeply the background, reason, process and significance of Mexico's reform war in order to study the reform war with a scientific attitude of seeking truth from facts, comprehensive and fair.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K731

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