本文選題：近代 + 自由主義��； 參考：《山東大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：完全可以肯定的是中國(guó)近代自由主義傳自西方,雖然中國(guó)古代各家思想中多少也包含了一定的“自由”元素,但是遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)有達(dá)到形成這樣一種政治思潮的現(xiàn)實(shí)歷史條件。而西方的自由主義可以追溯到古希臘時(shí)期,在古希臘很多政治學(xué)家的著作或思想中都可以找到其萌芽。西方近代在經(jīng)歷了文藝復(fù)興、宗教改革以后,人們的思想得到了極大的解放,伴隨著這一歷史進(jìn)程,各種政治思想紛紛涌現(xiàn)。直到啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)期,在先前的思想以及社會(huì)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)的歷史條件基礎(chǔ)之上,自由主義得以產(chǎn)生。在產(chǎn)生以后的三百年多年時(shí)間里,自由主義得到了快速發(fā)展,其價(jià)值理念也被運(yùn)用到政治實(shí)踐當(dāng)中,指導(dǎo)國(guó)家宏觀的政治架構(gòu)。時(shí)至今日,自由主義早已成為西方世界的主流價(jià)值理念,并且具有在世界范圍內(nèi)蔓延的跡象。 從西方回到中國(guó),中國(guó)近代歷史卻是苦難的。近代中國(guó)從1840年以來(lái),飽受外國(guó)侵略。從鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)到日本侵華、國(guó)共內(nèi)戰(zhàn),中國(guó)一個(gè)老大帝國(guó)可以說(shuō)是經(jīng)歷了五千年歷史當(dāng)中最黑暗的一段歷史時(shí)期之一。近代中國(guó)人也一直在尋求“救亡圖存”的道路,自魏源的“師夷長(zhǎng)技以制夷”、李鴻章等人的“洋務(wù)運(yùn)動(dòng)”、以康有為為代表的“維新運(yùn)動(dòng)”到孫中山先生的“三民主義”、革命救國(guó)再到“五四”新文化運(yùn)動(dòng)、中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨登上歷史舞臺(tái),中國(guó)人對(duì)于這條道路的探索一直沒(méi)有停過(guò)。但是無(wú)一例外的是中國(guó)人把眼光都投向了西方,中國(guó)近代自由主義也伴隨著這股“西學(xué)東進(jìn)”的浪潮傳入中國(guó),并且在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)取得了短暫的“輝煌”,但是隨著國(guó)民政府的失敗,很大一部分自由主義學(xué)者也一起去了臺(tái)灣,從而自由主義在臺(tái)灣取得了一定的發(fā)展。 本文關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)主要集中在四個(gè)方面：西方自由主義的一般理論；中國(guó)近代頗具特色的自由主義的主要發(fā)展歷程、內(nèi)容；中國(guó)近代自由主義衰落原因的具體分析；這種思潮的客觀評(píng)價(jià)與反思。本文涉及面比較廣泛,加上本人能力有限,難免有諸多疏漏之處,敬請(qǐng)各位老師、學(xué)者予以批評(píng)、指正。
[Abstract]:It is absolutely certain that Chinese modern liberalism has been handed down from the West. Although various ancient Chinese thoughts also contain some elements of "freedom", they are far from reaching the realistic historical conditions for forming such a political trend of thought. Western liberalism dates back to the ancient Greek period and can be found in the writings or thoughts of many political scientists in ancient Greece. After the Renaissance and the religious reform in modern western times, people's thoughts were greatly liberated. With this historical process, various kinds of political thoughts emerged one after another. Until the Enlightenment period, liberalism came into being on the basis of previous ideas and the historical conditions of society, politics and economy. In the more than three hundred years since its emergence, liberalism has developed rapidly, and its value concept has also been applied to political practice to guide the national macro-political structure. Today, liberalism has long been the mainstream value of the Western world, and there are signs of spread around the world. Back to China from the West, China's modern history is suffering. Modern China has been invaded by foreign countries since 1840. From the Opium War to the invasion of China by Japan and the Civil War between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, one of the darkest periods in the history of five thousand years can be said to be one of the oldest empires in China. The Chinese people in modern times have also been seeking the road of "saving the nation from death and survival", from Wei Yuan's "master Yi's technique to control foreign affairs", Li Hongzhang's "Westernization movement", and Kang Youwei's "reform movement" to Mr. Sun Zhongshan's "three people's principles". Revolutionary salvation to the "May 4th" New Culture Movement, the Communist Party of China on the historical stage, the Chinese have been exploring this road. However, without exception, the Chinese people have all set their sights on the West, and Chinese modern liberalism has also been accompanied by this wave of "Western learning to the east" into China, and has made a short period of "brilliance" in a certain period of time. However, with the failure of the national government, a large number of liberalism scholars also went to Taiwan, thus liberalism made a certain development in Taiwan. This paper focuses on four aspects: the general theory of western liberalism, the main development course and content of liberalism with its characteristics in modern China, the concrete analysis of the reasons for the decline of liberalism in modern China; Objective evaluation and reflection of this trend of thought. This article involves a wide range, plus my limited ability, there are inevitably many omissions, please teachers, scholars to criticize, pointed out.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：D092
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本文編號(hào)：2051630