本文選題：轉(zhuǎn)型 + 改革　； 參考：《財(cái)政部財(cái)政科學(xué)研究所》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：政策性金融是一國金融體系的重要組成部分。自1994年成立,中國三大政策性銀行至今已有20年整的發(fā)展歷程,承擔(dān)了增強(qiáng)宏觀調(diào)控、加快基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)、優(yōu)化外貿(mào)結(jié)構(gòu)、促進(jìn)本國產(chǎn)品和技術(shù)出口、助推企業(yè)“走出去”、推動(dòng)區(qū)域協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展等多項(xiàng)重任,推動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了國家發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)等多重使命,做出了重要的歷史性貢獻(xiàn)。與此同時(shí),當(dāng)前我國政策性金融機(jī)構(gòu)在發(fā)展中也存在法律規(guī)范缺位、功能定位不明晰、業(yè)務(wù)范圍不甚清晰、治理架構(gòu)和監(jiān)管機(jī)制不健全、資本金不足等一系列問題,制約著其進(jìn)一步健康、可持續(xù)發(fā)展。 2007年,中央金融工作會議就提出要按照“分類指導(dǎo),一行一策”的改革原則,逐步推進(jìn)政策性金融機(jī)構(gòu)改革。2009年11月,國務(wù)院初步批復(fù)了中國進(jìn)出口銀行改革方案,明確中國進(jìn)出口銀行繼續(xù)履行政策性金融的職能,為本國產(chǎn)品出口和國家對外經(jīng)濟(jì)合作提供金融支持。但由于多方面原因,實(shí)質(zhì)性改革推進(jìn)遲緩。黨的十八屆三中全會通過的《中共中央關(guān)于全面深化改革若干問題的決定》第12條明確提出要“推進(jìn)政策性金融機(jī)構(gòu)改革”,標(biāo)志著在全面深化改革的新時(shí)期,我國政策性金融機(jī)構(gòu)面臨的改革與轉(zhuǎn)型發(fā)展更為迫切。 在這樣的背景下,本人基于多年來從事政策性金融信貸的實(shí)際工作經(jīng)歷和感受,并結(jié)合博士研究生期間的系統(tǒng)理論學(xué)習(xí),選擇了“中國官方出口信用及其機(jī)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)型發(fā)展”為題進(jìn)行博士論文研究,以期從理論和國際比較角度來正本清源地闡述政策性金融中官方出口信用對一國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略意義與重要功能作用,著重提出對當(dāng)前中國而言,官方出口信用是助推實(shí)現(xiàn)“中國夢”不可或缺的重要機(jī)制性支撐,并從實(shí)務(wù)角度研究提出中國進(jìn)出口銀行轉(zhuǎn)型發(fā)展的目標(biāo)定位、業(yè)務(wù)范圍、經(jīng)營管理模式以及規(guī)范治理和健全監(jiān)管等方面的若干建議。 本論文主要分三大模塊來論述： 第一模塊(論文第一章和第二章)是關(guān)于政策性金融的理論分析和相關(guān)觀點(diǎn)辨析。 對于政策性金融的改革和發(fā)展問題,一個(gè)時(shí)期以來,存在著兩派觀點(diǎn)：一種觀點(diǎn)(多數(shù)學(xué)者持這種觀點(diǎn))認(rèn)為基于我國的發(fā)展階段和客觀國情,中國政策性金融及其機(jī)構(gòu)比世界上任何其他國家都更具有客觀性、必然性和長期性,具有不可替代的歷史重任和巨大的發(fā)展空間,應(yīng)強(qiáng)化而非弱化；另一種觀點(diǎn)則強(qiáng)調(diào)政策性金融存在著道德風(fēng)險(xiǎn)嚴(yán)重、不按市場規(guī)則評審貸款項(xiàng)目、對市場融資產(chǎn)生擠出效應(yīng)等問題,主張應(yīng)“去政策化”。針對這些討論和爭議,本論文分層次闡述了觀點(diǎn)。 首先,從理論層面來看,金融資源配置領(lǐng)域存在的市場失靈、準(zhǔn)公共產(chǎn)品、信息不對稱理論以及金融約束理論等為政策性金融的存在提供了理論解釋。政策性金融是聯(lián)接政府與市場兩個(gè)領(lǐng)域、財(cái)政預(yù)算撥款與商業(yè)性金融信貸兩種機(jī)制的資源配置方式和制度安排,是市場性與公共(產(chǎn)品)性、財(cái)政性與金融性、微觀性與宏觀性、有償性與無償性、直接管理與間接管理、市場缺陷與政府干預(yù)的“巧妙”結(jié)合體與統(tǒng)一體。政策性金融體現(xiàn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展客觀需要的政府與市場的互補(bǔ)與融合,符合整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)思想發(fā)展演進(jìn)方向,其產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展具有歷史的必然性,理論也得到了現(xiàn)實(shí)的印證。 其次,從國際上看,政策性金融業(yè)務(wù)是長期存在的,即使是發(fā)達(dá)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)國家也存在強(qiáng)大且多樣化的政策性金融服務(wù)。無論是號稱最信奉不干預(yù)原則的美國,還是老牌的資本主義國家的英國、德國,抑或是戰(zhàn)后出現(xiàn)過經(jīng)濟(jì)奇跡的日本、韓國,都存在著財(cái)政透明并有著非常清晰的長效介入機(jī)制的政策性金融機(jī)構(gòu),它們廣泛地對本國中小企業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展、進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易給予融資支持和特殊扶助。 再次,從我國現(xiàn)實(shí)國情需要來看,針對正在采取趕超型經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略、追求實(shí)現(xiàn)“中國夢”的我國當(dāng)前發(fā)展階段來說,通過發(fā)展政策性金融以適當(dāng)集中有限資金來重點(diǎn)支持制約經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展、亟需加快建設(shè)的“短板”領(lǐng)域和“瓶頸”項(xiàng)目,如公益性和準(zhǔn)公益性基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)、戰(zhàn)略性新興產(chǎn)業(yè)、中小企業(yè)與“三農(nóng)”發(fā)展、“走出去”等,以彌補(bǔ)金融資源市場化配置機(jī)制的不足,填充財(cái)政直接支出和商業(yè)融資之間的“中間地帶”,追求政府財(cái)力依托機(jī)制轉(zhuǎn)換,實(shí)現(xiàn)效率提升的倍加效應(yīng),無疑具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義,也應(yīng)是我國在發(fā)展和完善政策性金融體系方面應(yīng)牢牢把握的戰(zhàn)略性著眼點(diǎn)。本文研究認(rèn)為,政策性金融能夠?qū)⒄咝�、�?yōu)惠性和有償性、市場化有機(jī)結(jié)合起來,在當(dāng)前和今后很長一個(gè)時(shí)期,政策性金融將在國家經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略、促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長、實(shí)現(xiàn)對外經(jīng)貿(mào)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和政治外交意圖、從整體上提高我國國際競爭力等方面發(fā)揮重要作用。因此,在我國,政策性金融不是可有可無的,其戰(zhàn)略地位和作用是不可或缺、不可替代的。 第二模塊(論文第三、四章),主要論述官方出口信用及機(jī)構(gòu)的戰(zhàn)略意義、功能作用以及國際比較和借鑒。 從國際規(guī)則角度來看,官方出口信用是WTO和OECD框架下唯一認(rèn)可和允許的合法手段,是政府可以靈活運(yùn)用的重要政策工具。近年來世界經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢發(fā)生了重大變化,各國對國際市場和海外資源的爭奪日益激烈,各國官方出口信用機(jī)構(gòu)的功能和作用都趨于加強(qiáng),在各國經(jīng)濟(jì)和外交戰(zhàn)略中扮演著越來越重要的角色。世界上70多個(gè)國家共建立有80多家官方出口信用機(jī)構(gòu),本文在考察美國、英國、德國、日本、韓國等國的官方出口信用機(jī)構(gòu)及其運(yùn)行的基礎(chǔ)上,發(fā)現(xiàn)各國在各自發(fā)展過程中,不僅沒有弱化官方出口信用的作用,反而是在不斷強(qiáng)化其職能并賦予其新的工作和業(yè)務(wù)。 中國作為世界第二大經(jīng)濟(jì)體,是世界120多個(gè)國家的第一大貿(mào)易伙伴,參與國際競爭和合作的程度將愈來愈深,進(jìn)一步發(fā)展對外部環(huán)境和條件的依賴程度將越來越高。然而,當(dāng)前我國仍處于國際分工和產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的中低端,需要在參與國際競爭中提升貿(mào)易層次和發(fā)展水平,需要加大產(chǎn)品和資本輸出,同時(shí)也需要從國際市場上獲得更多發(fā)展資源,需要大力實(shí)施“走出去”發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。當(dāng)前的外部環(huán)境,既有機(jī)遇,也有挑戰(zhàn),中國進(jìn)一步加快發(fā)展需要深度參與并融入到國際經(jīng)濟(jì)體系中。官方出口信用及其機(jī)構(gòu)作為中國參與國際競爭和國際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作的重要制度安排和政策工具,具有不可替代的重要作用和不可比擬的運(yùn)作優(yōu)勢,因此其使命不但不應(yīng)減弱,而是需要進(jìn)一步發(fā)揮好更大、更積極、更為重要的作用。當(dāng)然,發(fā)揮作用的方式需不斷調(diào)整優(yōu)化,以適應(yīng)不斷變化的國際經(jīng)濟(jì)競爭和合作新形勢和新格局。 第三模塊(第五、六、七、八、九章),研究提出中國進(jìn)出口銀行改革和轉(zhuǎn)型發(fā)展的基本方向和相關(guān)政策建議。 中國進(jìn)出口銀行作為我國的官方進(jìn)出口信用機(jī)構(gòu)之一,自建行以來,認(rèn)真履行國家賦予的職責(zé),始終從國家政治經(jīng)濟(jì)大局出發(fā),積極發(fā)揮了政策性融資渠道作用,為服務(wù)服務(wù)國家外交總體戰(zhàn)略、推動(dòng)國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型發(fā)展、促進(jìn)對外開放和加強(qiáng)國際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作做出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。特別是在與安哥拉等非洲國家合作中開創(chuàng)的“資金信貸-基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目-能源資源”的創(chuàng)新模式,實(shí)現(xiàn)了出口信貸和國家能源戰(zhàn)略的有機(jī)結(jié)合,為我國建立了新的穩(wěn)定的能源資源供應(yīng)渠道,成效顯著,意義重大。 當(dāng)然,也應(yīng)該看到,中國進(jìn)出口銀行在發(fā)展中面臨著一些亟待解決的突出問題：一是缺乏專門的立法規(guī)范；二是《章程》滯后于新的形勢發(fā)展需要；三是資本充足率嚴(yán)重偏低,目前不到1%；四是融資成本較高,資金補(bǔ)充渠道較少且數(shù)量不穩(wěn)定,客觀上降低了支持能力和抗風(fēng)險(xiǎn)能力；五是政策性業(yè)務(wù)虧損缺乏規(guī)范、穩(wěn)定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制,降低了機(jī)構(gòu)自身抵御風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的能力；六是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管控和監(jiān)管機(jī)制還不夠完善。 基于此,本論文開宗明義地提出,我國官方出口信用機(jī)構(gòu)改革和轉(zhuǎn)型發(fā)展的功能定位應(yīng)該是：在國際競爭中積極打造成為實(shí)現(xiàn)“中國夢”的機(jī)制性支撐,助推中國在新的時(shí)代條件下,實(shí)現(xiàn)國際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作的升級版。這是因?yàn)椋菏紫?“中國夢”的追求和“兩個(gè)百年”奮斗目標(biāo)實(shí)質(zhì)上是帶有“趕超”意義的國家發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略,必然要求超越一般市場經(jīng)濟(jì)理論的機(jī)制支撐,作為政策性金融體系重要組成部分的官方出口信用是不可或缺的重要機(jī)制和政策手段,可以發(fā)揮守正出奇的戰(zhàn)略性功能作用。其次,當(dāng)前我國開放型經(jīng)濟(jì)已站在新的歷史起點(diǎn),與此同時(shí)國內(nèi)發(fā)展面臨的能源、資源、環(huán)境約束趨緊,進(jìn)一步發(fā)展離不開深度參與到國際競爭與合作中,國家與國家之間的競爭和合作,不能僅依賴于一般市場主體,還必須要有專門機(jī)構(gòu)來體現(xiàn)和執(zhí)行國家戰(zhàn)略和國家意志,在這種背景下,我國官方出口信用機(jī)構(gòu)的職能和作用應(yīng)進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化、豐富和擴(kuò)展,要全力打造成為“國家意志明顯、政策定位明晰、業(yè)務(wù)種類齊全、服務(wù)功能完善、運(yùn)行機(jī)制規(guī)范、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制有效”的國際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作銀行。 為了更好地發(fā)揮中國進(jìn)出口銀行作為官方出口信用機(jī)構(gòu)的功能和作用,需要積極推進(jìn)改革、拓展業(yè)務(wù)、規(guī)范管理和加強(qiáng)監(jiān)管： 一是明確轉(zhuǎn)型發(fā)展的目標(biāo)。論文研究提出,中國進(jìn)出口銀行改革與轉(zhuǎn)型發(fā)展的主要目標(biāo)應(yīng)適應(yīng)我國開放型經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需要,以服務(wù)于我國實(shí)施“走出去”戰(zhàn)略為重點(diǎn),按照“政策性目標(biāo)、市場化運(yùn)作、專業(yè)化經(jīng)營”總體原則,轉(zhuǎn)型為國際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作銀行,將進(jìn)出口銀行辦成既有中國特色又符合國際規(guī)范的官方出口信用機(jī)構(gòu),為我國外向型經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和更好地參與國際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作提供全方位、綜合性金融服務(wù),以充分利用國內(nèi)外兩個(gè)市場、境內(nèi)外兩種資源,增強(qiáng)企業(yè)參與國際競爭的能力,優(yōu)化資源配置,拓展我國發(fā)展空間。 二是實(shí)施業(yè)務(wù)領(lǐng)域縱深開拓戰(zhàn)略。與“國際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作銀行”的目標(biāo)定位相適應(yīng),就必須縱深拓展中國進(jìn)出口銀行的業(yè)務(wù)領(lǐng)域,在突出以支持“走出去”為重點(diǎn)和基本方向的基礎(chǔ)上,緊密結(jié)合當(dāng)前全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化和國際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作全方位發(fā)展的客觀情況,在支持國際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作的深度和廣度上下大力氣開展創(chuàng)新,在支持領(lǐng)域和支持手段上勇于嘗試。 三是完善進(jìn)出口銀行資本金補(bǔ)充機(jī)制和資金來源機(jī)制。在資本金補(bǔ)充方面,一是建立國家財(cái)政預(yù)算追加注資機(jī)制；二是考慮由管理國家主權(quán)財(cái)富基金的中國投資公司向政策性銀行注入資本金；此外,還可以考慮通過減免政策性銀行稅金來增補(bǔ)資本金。在完善資本金制度基礎(chǔ)上,應(yīng)建立資本、資產(chǎn)負(fù)債及風(fēng)險(xiǎn)撥備約束機(jī)制。在完善資金來源方面,建議通過財(cái)政借款、境外籌資、資產(chǎn)證券化、創(chuàng)新債券品種,搭建與外匯儲備資金間溝通橋梁,加強(qiáng)與社�；鸬却笠�(guī)模國有資金管理者的長期合作等方式,拓寬資金來源渠道,建立穩(wěn)定、低成本、可持續(xù)的資金來源機(jī)制。 四是進(jìn)一步完善業(yè)務(wù)經(jīng)營管理�？偟闹笇�(dǎo)思想是“分賬戶經(jīng)營,分類核算,分類管理”。首先,堅(jiān)持政策性金融發(fā)展方向,明晰政策性業(yè)務(wù)邊界；其次,將業(yè)務(wù)分為政策性業(yè)務(wù)和自營性業(yè)務(wù),與此相適應(yīng)設(shè)立“國家賬戶”和“銀行賬戶”,分別核算,在兩個(gè)賬戶之間設(shè)置防火墻,以有效防范道德風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。對兩類業(yè)務(wù)實(shí)行不同的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制,屬于“國家賬戶”的業(yè)務(wù)由財(cái)政補(bǔ)貼虧損,屬于“銀行賬戶”的業(yè)務(wù)則自負(fù)盈虧,建立不同的監(jiān)督管理和評價(jià)考核辦法,自營性業(yè)務(wù)盈利經(jīng)批準(zhǔn)后可用于補(bǔ)貼政策性業(yè)務(wù),但自營性業(yè)務(wù)的虧損不能由財(cái)政彌補(bǔ)。此外,不同政策性金融機(jī)構(gòu)之間應(yīng)加強(qiáng)協(xié)調(diào)配合,在開展境外合作項(xiàng)目中不作為單個(gè)主體相互競爭,以避免損害國家整體利益。 五是完善官方進(jìn)出口信用機(jī)構(gòu)立法和法律監(jiān)管。首先,加快專門性立法規(guī)范,對中國進(jìn)出口銀行的性質(zhì)、宗旨、職能定位、業(yè)務(wù)范圍、治理、監(jiān)管等以法律形式予以明確,為中國進(jìn)出口銀行依法經(jīng)營、穩(wěn)健發(fā)展提供法律保障,以從根本上解決制約發(fā)展的深層次矛盾。其次,要抓緊修訂完善現(xiàn)有的《中國進(jìn)出口銀行章程》,及時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)整中國進(jìn)出口銀行的業(yè)務(wù)范圍,進(jìn)一步規(guī)范治理結(jié)構(gòu),完善機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)置,明確內(nèi)部控制和外部監(jiān)督機(jī)制。 六是建立健全規(guī)范的法人治理結(jié)構(gòu)。按照現(xiàn)代企業(yè)制度要求,建立符合政策性銀行特征的法人治理結(jié)構(gòu)和嚴(yán)明的內(nèi)部權(quán)責(zé)制度,形成有效的約束機(jī)制和良好的內(nèi)部風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范機(jī)制,完善治理結(jié)構(gòu),加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)管理和制度建設(shè)。將董事會定位為部際協(xié)調(diào)和重大政策決策機(jī)構(gòu),體現(xiàn)國家發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略意圖,著重對中國進(jìn)出口銀行重大發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略、發(fā)展規(guī)劃以及業(yè)務(wù)范圍等原則性問題做出決策。
[Abstract]:Policy finance is an important part of a country's financial system. Since its establishment in 1994, the three major policy banks in China have been developing for 20 years. They have undertaken to strengthen macro regulation, accelerate infrastructure construction, optimize foreign trade structure, promote the export of domestic products and technology, boost enterprises "going out", and promote regional coordinated development, etc. At the same time, in the development of China's policy oriented financial institutions, there is also a lack of legal norms, unclear functional orientation, unclear business scope, unsound governance structure and regulatory mechanism and insufficient capital. The problem restricts its further health and sustainable development.
In 2007, the central financial working conference put forward the reform principle of "classified guidance, one line and one policy", and gradually promoted the reform of policy based financial institutions in November. The State Council initially approved the reform program of China's import and export bank, and made clear that China's import and Export Bank continued to perform the function of administrative policy finance for the export of domestic products and country. Home economic cooperation provides financial support. However, due to many reasons, substantive reform has been slow. The party's the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee decision of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the comprehensive deepening of the reform of a number of issues clearly proposed to "push forward the reform of policy based financial institutions", which marks the new period in the comprehensive deepening of the reform. The reform and transformation of China's policy oriented financial institutions are more urgent.
Under this background, based on the practical experience and experience of the policy based financial credit for many years, and combining with the system theory study during the doctor's postgraduate school, I chose the doctoral thesis research on "China's official export credit and its institutional transformation and development", with a view to from the perspective of theory and international comparison. This paper expounds the strategic significance and important function of official export credit in policy finance to the economic development of a country, and emphasizes that the official export credit is an indispensable and important support to the realization of the "Chinese dream" for the current China, and the objective of the transformation of the Chinese import and Export Bank from the practical point of view is studied. Some suggestions on location, scope of business, operation and management mode, standardized management and sound supervision are put forward.
This paper is mainly divided into three main modules to discuss:
The first module (the first and second chapters of the paper) is about theoretical analysis and related viewpoints of policy finance.
For a period of time, there are two schools of view on the reform and development of policy based finance. A view (most scholars hold this view) that China's policy finance and its institutions are more objectivity, inevitability and long-term than any other country in the world based on the development stage and the objective conditions of our country. The replacement of the historical task and the huge development space should be strengthened rather than weakening. The other point of view emphasizes that there is a serious moral hazard in the policy based finance, that the loan projects are not evaluated according to the market rules, and the extrude effect on the market financing should be put forward. A point of view.
First, from the theoretical point of view, the market failure in the field of financial resources allocation, quasi public products, information asymmetry theory and financial constraints theory provide a theoretical explanation for the existence of policy finance. Policy finance is the two fields linking the government and the market, the financial budget allocations and commercial financial credit of two mechanisms. The way of resource allocation and system arrangement are market and public (product), fiscal and financial, micro and macro, compensable and unpaid, direct management and indirect management, "ingenious" combination and unity of market defects and government intervention. Policy integration embodies the objective needs of the government and the market for economic and social development. Complementarity and integration are in line with the development direction of the whole economic thought. Its emergence and development are historically inevitable, and theories have also been verified in reality.
Secondly, from the international point of view, the policy financial business is a long-term existence, and even the developed market economy countries have strong and diversified policy financial services. Whether the United States is the most believed in the principle of non intervention, the British of the old capitalist countries, Germany, or the post-war economic miracle, Japan, Korea There are policy financial institutions with clear financial transparency and a very clear and long-term intervention mechanism. They are widely used to support and help small and medium-sized enterprises, agricultural development, import and export trade in their country.
Thirdly, in view of the needs of our country's actual conditions, in view of the current development stage of our country, which is taking the surpassing economic development strategy and pursuing the "Chinese dream", it is necessary to focus on the restriction of the development of the economy and society through the development of the policy oriented Finance and the proper concentration of limited funds. The "short board" field and the "bottleneck" need to be accelerated. For example, public welfare and quasi public welfare infrastructure, strategic emerging industries, small and medium enterprises and "three rural" development, "go global", etc., make up for the shortage of market allocation mechanism of financial resources, fill the "middle zone" between financial direct expenditure and commercial financing, pursue government financial resources to rely on mechanism conversion and achieve efficiency promotion. The multiplier effect is undoubtedly of great practical significance and should also be the strategic point of view that China should firmly grasp in the development and improvement of the policy based financial system. This paper argues that policy finance can combine policy, preferential and compensable and marketable, and a policy gold in a long period of time and in the future. It will play an important role in the national economic and social development strategy, the promotion of economic growth, the realization of the strategy of foreign economic and trade development and the political and diplomatic intentions, and the overall improvement of our country's international competitiveness. Therefore, in our country, policy finance is not dispensable, and its strategic position and role are indispensable and irreplaceable.
The second module (Chapter third, fourth) mainly discusses the strategic significance, function and international comparison and reference of official export credit and agencies.
From the point of view of international rules, official export credit is the only legal means approved and allowed under the framework of WTO and OECD. It is an important policy tool that the government can use flexibly. In recent years, the world economic situation has changed greatly. The competition for international market and overseas resources is increasingly fierce, the official export of credit institutions in various countries It is becoming more and more important and plays an increasingly important role in the economic and diplomatic strategies of all countries. More than 70 countries have established more than 80 official export credit institutions in the world. On the basis of the investigation of the official export credit mechanism of the United States, Britain, Germany, Japan and Korea, this paper finds that each country has developed in its own development. In the process, not only does not weaken the role of official export credit, it is constantly strengthening its functions and giving it new jobs and businesses.
As the second largest economy in the world, China is the largest trading partner in the world's more than 120 countries, and the degree of participation in international competition and cooperation will become more and more deep. Further development is becoming more and more dependent on the external environment and conditions. However, China is still at the middle and low end of international division and industrial chain, and needs to be involved in international competition. In order to improve the level of trade and development, we need to increase the output of products and capital. At the same time, we need to get more resources from the international market. We need to implement the strategy of "going out". The current external environment has both opportunities and challenges, and the further development of China needs to be deeply involved in and integrate into the international economy. As an important institutional arrangement and policy tool for China's participation in international competition and international economic cooperation, the official export credit and its institutions have an irreplaceable and unparalleled operational advantage. Therefore, their mission not only should not be weakened, but also need to be further expanded, more active and more important. The way to play the role needs to be constantly adjusted and optimized to adapt to the changing international economic competition and cooperation in the new situation and new pattern.
The third module (fifth, sixth, seven, eight, nine chapters) puts forward the basic direction and relevant policy recommendations of the reform and transformation development of the Export Import Bank of China.
As one of the official import and export credit institutions of China, China Import and export bank has conscientiously fulfilled the responsibilities given by the state since the establishment of the bank. It has always started from the national political and economic situation, actively exerts the function of the policy financing channel, serves the overall strategy of the national diplomacy to serve the country, promotes the development of the domestic economic transformation, and promotes the opening and addition of the foreign countries. Strong international economic cooperation has made important contributions. In particular, the innovative model of "capital credit - infrastructure projects - energy resources", created in cooperation with African countries such as Angola, has realized the organic combination of export credit and national energy strategy, and established a new and stable supply channel for energy resources for China, which has achieved remarkable results. Meaning is great.
Of course, it should also be seen that in the development of China's import and export banks, there are some outstanding problems to be solved: one is the lack of special legislative norms; two, the constitution is lagging behind the needs of the new situation; the three is that the capital adequacy ratio is seriously low, now less than 1%; four is the higher cost of financing, less replenishment channels and less quantity. Stability, objectively reducing the ability to support and anti risk ability; five is the lack of normative business loss policy, a stable risk compensation mechanism, reduce the ability of the organization itself against risk, the six is the risk management and regulatory mechanism is not perfect.
Based on this, this paper puts forward that the function orientation of the reform and transformation of the official export credit institutions in China should be to build up the institutional support for the realization of the "Chinese dream" in the international competition and boost China's upgrading of the international economic cooperation under the new era. The pursuit of the national dream and the goal of the "two century" struggle are essentially the national development strategy with the meaning of "catching up". It is bound to require the support of the mechanism that transcends the general market economy theory. As an important part of the policy based financial system, official export credit is an indispensable and important mechanism and policy means. At the same time, China's open economy has stood at a new historical starting point. At the same time, the energy, resources and environmental constraints facing domestic development are tight, and further development is inseparable from the deep participation in international competition and cooperation. The competition and cooperation between the state and the state can not be relied on only by the general market subject. In this context, the functions and functions of the official export credit institutions in China should be further strengthened, enriched and expanded in this context, and should be made fully into "the clear state of the state, the clear positioning of the policy, the complete variety of business affairs, the perfect service function, the standard of operating mechanism, and the standard of operation." International Economic Cooperation Bank, which is effective in risk control.
In order to give full play to the function and function of the Chinese import and export bank as an official export credit institution, it is necessary to actively promote reform, expand business, standardize management and strengthen supervision.
The first is to make clear the goal of transformation and development. The paper studies that the main objectives of the reform and transformation of China's import and export banks should be adapted to the needs of the development of China's open economy, focusing on the implementation of the "going out" strategy in our country and the general principle of "policy oriented, market-oriented operation, professional management" and the transition to international The Bank of economic cooperation provides the import and export bank as an official export credit institution with both Chinese characteristics and international standards. It provides a comprehensive and comprehensive financial suit for the development of the foreign economy and the better participation in international economic cooperation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：財(cái)政部財(cái)政科學(xué)研究所
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：F832.31;F752.62

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