本文選題：歷史唯物主義 + 唯心主義　； 參考：《河南大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：本文的研究是以馬克思唯物主義歷史觀的形成和發(fā)展為線索,對馬克思和蒲魯東的主要思想的關(guān)系進(jìn)行分析,得出馬克思對蒲魯東超越的基本思想和基本意義,從而展現(xiàn)出馬克思在哲學(xué)上、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論上、社會主義理論上超越蒲魯東的過程。馬克思對蒲魯東的思想經(jīng)歷了從接受到批判,進(jìn)而在批判中實現(xiàn)對蒲魯東的超越的歷史進(jìn)程�；隈R克思?xì)v史唯物主義世界觀的形成和發(fā)展,系統(tǒng)地探究出馬克思和蒲魯東在哲學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、社會主義理論等多方面的關(guān)系變化,并總結(jié)出馬克思超越蒲魯東思想的哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論、社會目標(biāo)的差別,呈現(xiàn)整個超越進(jìn)程對馬克思主義理論形成和發(fā)展的重要意義。 本文第一部分是對蒲魯東主要思想及其發(fā)展的梳理和分析。將蒲魯東的思想發(fā)展進(jìn)程分為四個時期：1840年之前、1840年到1846年期間、1846年《貧困的哲學(xué)》時期、1848年革命中及革命后,著重總結(jié)和概述蒲魯東的思想在四個時期內(nèi)思想發(fā)展的進(jìn)程。1840年以前,蒲魯東所具有的農(nóng)民和小手工業(yè)者雙重出身,蒲魯東在宗教學(xué)校求學(xué)的這段經(jīng)歷,以及在里昂工人中獲得的有關(guān)社會問題的經(jīng)驗對他的社會主義立場和哲學(xué)思想形成具有一定影響,這一時期蒲魯東在著作《論通用文法》和《報考信—致貝桑松大學(xué)的先生們》中展現(xiàn)出了神學(xué)思維和唯心主義思想,并且提出了創(chuàng)立新的哲學(xué)體系的構(gòu)想。1840年到1846年期間,蒲魯東從法權(quán)角度對資本主義的所有權(quán)和私有制進(jìn)行了勇敢的批判,首次將對資本主義的批判帶到了私有制的視域中來,并提出了“第三種社會形式”的社會主義思想,在此期間蒲魯東的思想對馬克思產(chǎn)生了深刻影響。在《貧困的哲學(xué)》的創(chuàng)作和發(fā)表時期,蒲魯東在哲學(xué)上接受了黑格爾唯心主義,并庸俗化了黑格爾的辯證法,在這一“新哲學(xué)”的基礎(chǔ)上建立了經(jīng)濟(jì)理論體系,即“經(jīng)濟(jì)矛盾體系”�！敦毨У恼軐W(xué)》的發(fā)表及其傳播帶來的不良影響加速了馬克思?xì)v史唯物主義公開問世,更加堅定了馬克思將唯物史觀運(yùn)用到具體科學(xué)領(lǐng)域(經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué))的發(fā)展道路。1848年大革命及其之后,蒲魯東在唯心主義哲學(xué)和“經(jīng)濟(jì)矛盾體系”的基礎(chǔ)上對資本主義進(jìn)行批判,提出了一系列小資產(chǎn)階級改良計劃,企圖通過經(jīng)濟(jì)手段來解決資本主義的社會問題,這一系列計劃包括：無息信貸、人民銀行、社會清算等等,這凸顯出他的社會主義理論并未超越空想。通過對蒲魯東主要思想發(fā)展進(jìn)程的整體剖析,全面展現(xiàn)蒲魯東思想的哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ)、經(jīng)濟(jì)理論、社會主義等,以及這些思想基礎(chǔ)上蒲魯東批判資本主義的方式變化。盡管蒲魯東和馬克思在思想上存在殊異,但是在蒲魯東的思想發(fā)展過程以及對資本主義批判方式的演變過程中,蒲魯東的思想對馬克思主義唯物史觀的形成和發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了重要影響,因此蒲魯東的思想演進(jìn)過程是不容忽視的。 第二部分是基于第一部分對蒲魯東主要思想的梳理,立足文本,剖析從馬克思主義唯物史觀的形成到大革命時期馬克思唯物史觀的發(fā)展,闡述馬克思唯物主義歷史觀形成的基礎(chǔ),馬克思對蒲魯東的思想從接受到批判以及在批判中不斷深化的過程。青年時期的馬克思,在特里爾受到了良好的文化環(huán)境影響以及自由主義思想的熏陶,對馬克思早期思想的形成奠定了良好的基礎(chǔ)。大學(xué)時期,馬克思在對哲學(xué)的研究中經(jīng)歷了康德、費希特逐漸走向了黑格爾,雖然此時馬克思還是青年黑格爾派,但是馬克思提出建立新的哲學(xué)體系的構(gòu)想,并在《博士論文》中表現(xiàn)出不局限于接受黑格爾的哲學(xué)體系,而是始終用求真的科學(xué)精神去進(jìn)行自己的哲學(xué)研究,試圖沖破黑格爾哲學(xué)進(jìn)行哲學(xué)變革。在馬克思把蒲魯東作為社會主義者接受時期,馬克思通過在《萊茵報》工作期間對社會問題的關(guān)注認(rèn)識到在哲學(xué)領(lǐng)域?qū)Ψ磩觿萘M(jìn)行攻擊和批判是不夠的,應(yīng)進(jìn)入政治領(lǐng)域?qū)抑贫冗M(jìn)行攻擊,在對當(dāng)時各種流行的社會主義思想研習(xí)后,認(rèn)為不能對各種社會主義思想武斷地進(jìn)行評論。隨后,馬克思汲取費爾巴哈的唯物主義觀點,批判了黑格爾國家和市民社會問題上的唯心主義觀點。在《1844年經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)哲學(xué)手稿》中馬克思不僅對政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了獨立的研究,還基于異化勞動理論對蒲魯東的小資產(chǎn)階級政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和社會主義思想進(jìn)行了評價,指出蒲魯東對資本主義的批判沒有超出資本主義政治經(jīng)濟(jì)范圍,只是異化范圍內(nèi)來克服政治經(jīng)濟(jì)的異化�！墩軐W(xué)的貧困》是馬克思?xì)v史唯物主義的第一次公開,馬克思從唯物史觀出發(fā),在哲學(xué)上對蒲魯東的唯心史觀和系列辯證法進(jìn)行了批判考察,并對蒲魯東政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的基本原理經(jīng)濟(jì)范疇理論和構(gòu)成價值理論進(jìn)行了較為深刻的批判,揭露了蒲魯東關(guān)于社會主義的理論是小資產(chǎn)階級改良思想。大革命前后,馬克思在《路易·波拿巴霧月十八日》、《1848年至1850年的法蘭西階級斗爭》中分析了蒲魯東所代表的“小資產(chǎn)階級”和“空論”的社會主義,批判了這種空論的社會主義,在《反思》中通過對古典政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論的探究,揭示了蒲魯東反對革命斗爭的本質(zhì),指出蒲魯東倡導(dǎo)的工業(yè)制度和人民銀行計劃只是采取和平改良主義的空想。 第三部分論述了在建立科學(xué)的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論體系過程中,馬克思對蒲魯東政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論的批判。在這長達(dá)四十年的歷史過程中,馬克思在《1857-1858經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)手稿》中經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論逐漸成熟,從唯物史觀出發(fā),對資本主義的批判已經(jīng)由異化勞動理論轉(zhuǎn)變到對資本主義雇傭勞動生產(chǎn)方式的本質(zhì)和運(yùn)動的把握,系統(tǒng)的闡述了勞動價值理論和剩余價值理論,同時,批判了蒲魯東的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系起源學(xué)說、勞動貨幣理論、生產(chǎn)過剩的觀點等�！�1861-1863經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)手稿》和《資本論》中,馬克思的經(jīng)濟(jì)理論已經(jīng)成熟,馬克思對蒲魯東的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)進(jìn)行了徹底的清算。馬克思指出對蒲魯東關(guān)于貸方貨幣的謬論泯滅了生息資本作為資產(chǎn)階級社會一般資本運(yùn)動的特殊形式的本質(zhì)。在土地所有權(quán)和地租學(xué)說問題上,蒲魯東直接接受了李嘉圖的起源理論,完全忽視了不同歷史時期所有權(quán)所具有的特殊性。對于蒲魯東所提出的無息信貸理論和工人不能買回自己所生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品的經(jīng)濟(jì)怪論,馬克思指出蒲魯東不理解剩余價值的來源,更陷入了資本拜物教的假象,完全忽略生息資本運(yùn)動的G-G’中的中介過程G-W-G’。蒲魯東在《貧困的哲學(xué)》中提出任何勞動必有剩余的定理,馬克思在剩余價值理論的形成過程指出蒲魯東的這個觀點是用庸俗經(jīng)驗主義的方法揭示勞動剩余的產(chǎn)生,將勞動剩余的產(chǎn)生歸因于人類勞動的屬性。 第四章是從整體性上對馬克思和蒲魯東的關(guān)系的演變過程進(jìn)行分析,闡述馬克思在哲學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、社會主義三個方面超越蒲魯東的思想進(jìn)程。分析馬克思對蒲魯東的哲學(xué)上的形而上學(xué)、庸俗政治經(jīng)學(xué)和小資產(chǎn)階級改良思想的批判和超越。通過比較分析馬克思和蒲魯東解決社會問題的不同思想和道路,揭示蒲魯東對馬克思的思想的影響,最終全面展現(xiàn)馬克思超越蒲魯東的思想進(jìn)程。
[Abstract]:The study of this article is based on the formation and development of Marx's materialist view of history and the analysis of the relationship between Marx and the main thoughts of Pu Lu Dong, and the basic thought and basic significance of Marx's Transcendence to the Pu Lu Dong, thus showing that Marx is in the philosophical, economic theory and socialist theory beyond the Pu East. The process. Marx has experienced the historical process of transcendence to the Pu Lu Dong from his acceptance to criticism, and then in his criticism. Based on the formation and development of Marx's historical materialism world outlook, it systematically explores the relationship between Marx and the Pu Lu Dong in philosophy, economics, and the theory of socialism. The philosophical foundation of Marx's Transcendence of the thoughts of the Pu Lu Dong, the theory of economics and the difference of social goals show the significance of the whole transcendental process to the formation and development of the theory of Marx.
The first part of this article is the carding and analysis of the main ideas and development of the Pu Lu Dong. It divides the development process of his thought into four periods: before 1840, from 1840 to 1846, in 1846, in the period of poverty, in the 1848 revolution and after the revolution, the development of the thoughts of the Pu Lu Dong in the four periods. The process of.1840 years ago, the dual origin of the farmer and the small handicraftsmen in the Pu Lu East, the experience of his study in the religious school, and the experience gained in the Lyon workers had a certain influence on the formation of his socialist position and philosophy. The ideas of Theology and idealism were displayed in the law and the letters to the Besancon University, and the idea of creating a new philosophical system was put forward from.1840 to 1846. In the period of 1846, he made a brave critique of capitalist ownership and private ownership from the perspective of legal power, and for the first time the critique of capitalism. In the view of private ownership, the socialist thought of "third social forms" was put forward. During this period, the thought of Marx had a profound influence on the ideology of Marx. In the period of creation and publication of the philosophy of poverty, he accepted the idealism of Hagel's idealism in philosophy, and was common to Hagel's dialectics. On the basis of the "new philosophy", the economic theory system has been established, that is, "the system of economic contradiction". The adverse effects brought by the publication and dissemination of the philosophy of poverty accelerated the publication of Marx's historical materialism, and made it more firm that Marx applied the materialist conception of history to the development of the specific scientific field (Economics) in the great revolution of.1848. After his life, he criticized capitalism on the basis of idealist philosophy and "the system of economic contradiction", and put forward a series of small bourgeois improvement plans, trying to solve the social problems of capitalism through economic means. This series of plans included interest free credit, the people's Bank, social liquidation, and so on. It shows that his socialist theory does not transcend the imagination. Through the overall analysis of the development process of the main ideological development of the Pu Lu Dong, the philosophical basis of the thoughts of the Pu Lu Dong, the economic theory, the socialism and so on, and on the basis of these thoughts, the ways of the critique of capitalism are changed. But in the process of ideological development and the evolution of the critical mode of capitalism, the thought of Marx had an important influence on the formation and development of the historical materialism of Marx doctrine, so the process of the evolution of his thought could not be ignored.
The second part is based on the first part of the main ideas of the carondong, based on the text, analysis from the formation of Marx's historical materialism to the development of Marx's historical materialism in the period of the great revolution, and the basis for the formation of Marx's materialist view of history, and Marx's thoughts from acceptance to criticism and criticism in his criticism. The process of deepening. Marx in the youth period, in Trier, was influenced by a good cultural environment and the edification of liberalism, which laid a good foundation for the formation of Marx's early thought. During the University, Marx experienced Kant in the study of philosophy, Fichte gradually moved towards Hagel, although Marx at this time. It is still the young Hagel school, but Marx puts forward the idea of establishing a new philosophical system, and shows not only to accept Hagel's philosophical system in the doctoral thesis, but always to carry out his philosophical research with the scientific spirit of seeking truth, trying to break through the philosophical reform of the study of black and sager. In Marx, he takes the por East as an example. During the period of socialist acceptance, Marx realized that it was not enough to attack and criticize the reactionary forces in the field of philosophy by paying attention to social problems during the period of the work of the Rhine newspaper. We should enter the political field to attack the state system. After studying various popular socialistic ideas at that time, it was considered that it could not be used for various societies. Then, Marx absorbed Feuerbach's materialist viewpoint and criticized the idealism of Hagel's state and civil society. In the <1844 Economic Philosophy Manuscript, Marx not only studied the structure and content of political economics, but also based on the alienated labor theory. The petty bourgeois political economy and socialist thought of the pluton were evaluated. It was pointed out that the critique of pluton's criticism of capitalism did not exceed the political and economic scope of capitalism. It was only within the range of alienation to overcome the alienation of political and economic. "The poverty of philosophy" was the first public of Marx's historical materialism, and Marx was from the only one. On the basis of the view of the history of things, a critical review of the idealism and a series of dialectics is carried out in the philosophy of the pluton, and the theory of the basic principles of economic category and the theory of the value of the constitution of the plutdong's political economy are deeply criticized, and the theory of the socialist theory of the pluton is a modified thought of the petty bourgeoisie. After that, Marx criticized the socialism of "the petty bourgeoisie" and "the empty theory", which was criticized by Marx in the eighteen days of Louis Bonaparte's fog month and the French class struggle from 1850 to 1850. As for the essence of revolutionary struggle, it is pointed out that the industrial system advocated by Pall and the people's Bank plan are only a dream of peaceful reformism.
The third part discusses Marx's criticism of the pluton political economy theory in the process of establishing the theoretical system of scientific political economics. In the course of this forty year history, Marx has matured in the economic theory of <1857-1858 economics. From the materialist view of history, the criticism of capitalism has been dissimilated. The labor theory is changed to the essence and movement of the capitalist mode of labor production. The theory of labor value and the theory of surplus value are expounded systematically. At the same time, the theory of the origin of economic relations, the theory of labor currency, the view of overproduction, etc. are criticized. In the 1861-1863 economic manuscript and Das Kapital, Marx The economic theory has matured, and Marx has carried out a thorough liquidation of the political economics of the pluton. Marx points out that the fallacy of the lenders' money has vanished the essence of the special form of the general capital movement of the bourgeois society. Ricardo's theory of origin completely ignores the particularity of ownership in different historical periods. For the theory of interest free credit and the economic paradox that the workers can't buy the products they produce, Marx points out that he does not understand the source of the surplus value, and it has fallen into the illusion of capital fetishism, and completely ignores it. The intermediary process in the G-G 'of the movement of interest capital is G-W-G'. In the "philosophy of poverty", he put forward that any labor must have the remaining theorem. Marx's theory of surplus value points out that this view of the surplus value theory reveals the production of labor surplus by means of vulgar empiricism, and the production of surplus labor is attributable to human beings. The attribute of class labor.
The fourth chapter analyzes the evolution process of the relationship between Marx and Pu Lu from the whole, and expounds Marx's Transcendence of the ideological process in the three aspects of philosophy, economics and socialism, and analyzes Marx's criticism and Transcendence of the philosophical metaphysics, the vulgar political classics and the amelioration of the petty bourgeoisie. By comparing and analyzing the different thoughts and ways of Marx and Pu Lu Dong to solve the social problems, this paper reveals the influence of Marx's Thoughts on Marx, and finally reveals the ideological progress of Marx surpassing the Pu Lu Dong.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：A811

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