本文關(guān)鍵詞： 呂祖謙 四書 理學(xué)　出處：《西北大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：目前學(xué)界對《四書》的研究集中在二程、朱熹等理學(xué)家上,對呂祖謙《四書》學(xué)思想的探討,尚沒有形成完整的研究成果。本文嘗試對這方面進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)地整理歸納,并進(jìn)行一些理論分析研究,希望能夠讓宋代《四書》學(xué)研究以及呂學(xué)研究更加完善。呂祖謙的學(xué)術(shù)生涯是在南宋時期,當(dāng)時社會內(nèi)憂外患,政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)面臨著很多挑戰(zhàn),社會道德有滑坡的趨勢,這樣的社會背景對呂祖謙思想有一定的影響,促使呂祖謙思考了很多與現(xiàn)實(shí)有關(guān)的問題。呂祖謙又有著一定的家學(xué)淵源,呂氏前代學(xué)人對《四書》很重視,這也使呂祖謙終生對《四書》都有濃厚的興趣。在對《四書》的哲學(xué)思想進(jìn)行闡釋的時候,呂祖謙主要從天理、仁說、修養(yǎng)論三個角度來分析。呂祖謙認(rèn)為世間萬物只有一個理,理在自然界與人世間都有體現(xiàn),兩者之間是相通的,并遵循著理一分殊的原則。人應(yīng)該去主動認(rèn)識理,對理的認(rèn)識不能有絲毫損益。呂祖謙對儒家重視的仁觀念進(jìn)行闡釋,認(rèn)為仁是一切道德的總原則,并對仁做了具體闡釋。呂祖謙重視內(nèi)在修養(yǎng),認(rèn)為人應(yīng)該向內(nèi)挖掘內(nèi)心中的善,提高自身的修養(yǎng)。在對《四書》的政治思想解釋的時候,呂祖謙認(rèn)為政治的原則是為政以德,而不是智力、詐術(shù)。為官者的個人素質(zhì)非常重要,呂祖謙以《四書》為藍(lán)本進(jìn)行闡發(fā),說明了為官者應(yīng)具有自重、取信他人、注重言辭等應(yīng)有的修養(yǎng)。呂祖謙還強(qiáng)調(diào)了評判為官的好壞要重視官員施政的實(shí)際效果,并提出應(yīng)給予官員一定的容錯糾錯空間。在理想人格方面,呂祖謙認(rèn)為人應(yīng)當(dāng)立大志、養(yǎng)成堅(jiān)毅不拔的性格,追溯古代的圣賢。與朱熹《四書章句集注》比較,呂祖謙對《四書》的研究,其義理略微單薄,解釋略為瑣碎,甚至在解經(jīng)時還有一些兩可之語;呂祖謙在解經(jīng)時善用比喻論證,并且善用人們?nèi)粘＝佑|的事物類比說明。與張拭《論語說》、《孟子解》比較,在義利之辨的問題上,張拭見識高明,他提出了公利與私利之分;呂祖謙則強(qiáng)調(diào)了義在利先,提出官員應(yīng)在義利問題上為民眾做出義在利先的表率,引導(dǎo)社會風(fēng)氣。呂祖謙對《四書》研究的特點(diǎn)有:注重義理闡發(fā),從哲學(xué)、政治、義利之辨等多角度入手,善用日常生活的事情類比。同時,呂祖謙對《四書》的研究未能建立一套嚴(yán)密的《四書》學(xué)思想體系,在具體的解釋中也有前后矛盾之處。
[Abstract]:At present, the academic research on the "four Books" is focused on the second stage, Zhu Xi and other Neo-Confucianism, and the discussion of Lu Zu-qian 's thought of "four Books" has not yet formed a complete research result. This paper attempts to systematize and sum up this aspect. He also conducted some theoretical analysis and studies, hoping to make the study of "four Books" in the Song Dynasty and the study of Lu Xue more perfect. Lu Zuqian's academic career was during the Southern Song Dynasty, when the society was facing many challenges, both internal and external, political and economic. There is a tendency for social morality to decline. This social background has a certain impact on Lu Zu-qian 's thinking, which urges him to think about a lot of problems related to reality. Lu Zuqian also has certain family origins. Lu's former scholars attached great importance to the fourth Book, which also made Lu Zuqian have a strong interest in the fourth Book all his life. When he explained the philosophy of the fourth Book, Lu Zuqian mainly took it from heaven, Ren said. According to Lu Zuqian, there is only one reason for all things in the world, which is embodied in both nature and the world, and the two are interlinked, and follow the principle of difference in reason. One should take the initiative to understand reason. There can be no profit or loss in the understanding of reason. Lu Zuqian explained the Confucian concept of benevolence, which was regarded as the general principle of all morality, and made a concrete explanation of benevolence. Lu Zu-qian attached importance to inner cultivation. When explaining the political thoughts of the four Books, Lu Zu-qian believes that the principle of politics is to govern by virtue, not intelligence. The personal quality of the official is very important. Lu Zuqian explained with the "four Books" as the model, that the official should have self-respect and trust others. Attention should be paid to the cultivation of words and so on. Lu Zuqian also stressed that the good or bad of judging as an official should attach importance to the actual effect of his administration, and suggested that officials should be given some room for tolerance and error correction. In terms of his ideal personality, Lu Zu-chien believed that people should set a great aim. Compared with Zhu Xi, Lu Zuqian's research on the "four Books" is slightly weak, the explanation is a little trivial, and even in the interpretation of the scriptures there are some two words; Lu Zuqian makes good use of metaphorical argumentation in his interpretation of the Sutra and the analogy of things that people come into contact with everyday. Compared with Zhang Wu's Analects of Confucius and Mencius' interpretation, Zhang Tu has a good sense of justice and benefit, and he puts forward the distinction between public and private interests. On the other hand, Lu Zuqian stressed that justice should prevail over profit, and that officials should set an example for the public on the issue of righteousness and interest, and guide the social ethos. Lu Zuqian's research on the four Books is characterized by the following: emphasis on the interpretation of righteousness and reason, philosophy, and politics. At the same time, Lu Zuqian's research on "four Books" failed to establish a set of strict "four Books" learning thought system, and there were some contradictions in the concrete explanation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：B222.1
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本文編號：1509515