發(fā)布時間：2018-01-20 02:56

  本文關(guān)鍵詞： 新中國外交 一邊倒交政策 意識形態(tài) 國家利益　出處：《延安大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：建國之后我國推行的外交政策表現(xiàn)出鮮明的“一邊倒”傾向,主要的外交策略是和蘇聯(lián)等社會主義國家結(jié)盟。這一特殊外交政策出現(xiàn)的背后存在諸多影響因素,既有來自國際社會環(huán)境的因素,也有來自我國內(nèi)部的主觀因素。從外部的國際環(huán)境來說,建國之初的國際社會正處在意識形態(tài)交鋒的態(tài)勢之中,盡管“熱戰(zhàn)”性質(zhì)的戰(zhàn)爭已經(jīng)結(jié)束,但是冷戰(zhàn)的序幕卻又悄然拉開,資本主義和社會主義陣營針鋒相對。蘇聯(lián)這一當(dāng)時的社會主義領(lǐng)袖國家為了加強(qiáng)社會主義陣營力量,保障自身國家利益,對我國推行“一邊倒”外交政策十分支持。而當(dāng)時的資本主義陣營領(lǐng)袖國家美國,無論是從政治理念還是國家利益角度出發(fā),其國內(nèi)主流政治觀念都認(rèn)為要對新中國保持冷遇乃至敵對態(tài)度。我國內(nèi)部的外交主張除外部環(huán)境之外,主要考慮了三點(diǎn)因素。首先我國不可能倒向美國等西方國家,更不可能在社會主義和資本主義陣營之中保持超然的獨(dú)立身份;其次,我國無論是發(fā)展科技、工業(yè)還是經(jīng)濟(jì)的方面的需求都需要依賴蘇聯(lián)的支持;最后,同為社會主義國家,蘇聯(lián)與我國的意識形態(tài)基本一致。鑒于種種因素,建國后我國外交“一邊倒”的支持蘇聯(lián)等社會主義國家并不令人意外。不難看出,當(dāng)時我國外交政策方針是在內(nèi)外因素作用下最為合理與符合邏輯的。但外交政策顯然無法一蹴而就的推行,我國從制定相應(yīng)政策到真正形成“一邊倒”外交態(tài)勢,還是經(jīng)歷了一定的過程,其中分為數(shù)個階段,以劉少奇和毛澤東兩位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人前往蘇聯(lián)訪問作為關(guān)鍵轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。1950年我國與蘇聯(lián)對外聯(lián)合發(fā)布《中蘇友好同盟互助條約》的聲明就是我國外交“一邊倒”局面正式開啟的標(biāo)識。建國后我國面臨著來自以美國等資本主義國家的敵對,國際生存環(huán)境十分惡劣。為了維護(hù)我國的國家利益和革命成果,“一邊倒”外交不失為很好的反擊方式。這也確實(shí)幫助我國順利度過了建國之初的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)等方面的羸弱階段,迅速實(shí)現(xiàn)了一定程度的國家復(fù)興。不過這一外交政策的缺陷也是顯而易見的,我國的內(nèi)外政策制定受到了來自蘇聯(lián)的諸多制約,對外開放的進(jìn)程停滯不前。并且在不少國家方針,譬如經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的選擇上一味復(fù)制蘇聯(lián)體制,忽視了我國社會發(fā)展的實(shí)際需求。而后國際環(huán)境的變化,導(dǎo)致我國與蘇聯(lián)的意識形態(tài)鴻溝不斷加深,國家利益矛盾越來越難以調(diào)和。上世紀(jì)五六十年代時,我國與蘇聯(lián)出現(xiàn)了十分激烈的意識形態(tài)爭論,而蘇聯(lián)的侵略政策更是讓兩國進(jìn)入了熱戰(zhàn)狀態(tài),“一邊倒”外交政策最終破產(chǎn)�；仡櫷菩小耙贿叺埂蓖饨徽叩钠鹪春徒Y(jié)果,我們可以從中學(xué)習(xí)到許多寶貴的外交經(jīng)驗(yàn),對于國家意識形態(tài)和利益的關(guān)系要正確處理,外交更是要保持獨(dú)立和自主,不能成為任何國家外交政策的附庸。
[Abstract]:After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the foreign policy pursued by our country showed a clear tendency of "one-sided", and the main diplomatic strategy was to form an alliance with socialist countries such as the Soviet Union. There were many influential factors behind the emergence of this special foreign policy. From the external international environment, the international community at the beginning of the founding of the country is in the situation of ideological confrontation. Although the "hot war" nature of the war has ended, but the prelude of the cold war quietly opened again. The Soviet Union, the socialist leader of the time, aimed to strengthen the strength of the socialist camp and safeguard its own national interests. The United States, the leader of the capitalist camp at that time, was very supportive of China's "one-sided" foreign policy, both in terms of political ideas and national interests. Its domestic mainstream political ideas all think that we should maintain a cold and even hostile attitude towards the new China, and our internal diplomatic views are in addition to the external environment. First of all, China can not turn to the United States and other Western countries, let alone in the socialist and capitalist camp to maintain an independent identity; Secondly, China needs the support of the Soviet Union for the development of science and technology, industry and economy. Finally, being a socialist country, the Soviet Union and our country's ideology are basically the same. In view of various factors, it is not surprising that China's diplomacy "unilaterally" supported the Soviet Union and other socialist countries after the founding of the people's Republic of China, and it is not difficult to see. At that time, China's foreign policy policy was the most reasonable and logical under the action of internal and external factors, but foreign policy obviously could not be carried out overnight. China has experienced a certain process from formulating corresponding policies to forming a "one-sided" diplomatic situation, which can be divided into several stages. Liu Shaoqi and Mao Zedong's visit to the Soviet Union was a key turning point. On 1950, China and the Soviet Union jointly issued the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance, which was "one-sided" in China's diplomacy. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, China is facing hostility from capitalist countries such as the United States. In order to safeguard our country's national interests and revolutionary achievements, "one-sided" diplomacy is a good way to counterattack, which really helped our country through the politics at the beginning of the founding of the country. In the weak stage of economy and so on, a certain degree of national rejuvenation was quickly realized. However, the defects of this foreign policy were also obvious, and the domestic and foreign policy formulation of our country was restricted by many constraints from the Soviet Union. The process of opening to the outside world has stagnated, and in many national policies, such as the choice of economic system blindly copied the Soviet system, ignoring the actual needs of social development in China, and then the changes in the international environment. As a result, the ideological gap between China and the Soviet Union is deepening, and the contradiction of national interests is becoming more and more difficult to reconcile. In 0th century, in the 1950s and 1960s, there was a very fierce ideological debate between China and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union's aggressive policy made the two countries enter into a state of hot war, and the "one-sided" foreign policy finally went bankrupt. Review the origin and results of the "one-sided" foreign policy. We can learn many valuable diplomatic experiences from which we should correctly handle the relationship between national ideology and interests, and diplomacy should be independent and independent, and should not be an appendage of any country's foreign policy.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：延安大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D820

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