本文關(guān)鍵詞：中世紀(jì)至近代早期英國貴族社會地位的變化及其文學(xué)形象的嬗變研究　出處：《華中師范大學(xué)》2014年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 英國貴族 騎士文學(xué) 社會轉(zhuǎn)型 貴族文學(xué)形象 貴族精神

【摘要】：本文采用史學(xué)研究中的社會史理論和文學(xué)研究中的新歷史主義文學(xué)批評方法,在整體考察中世紀(jì)至近代轉(zhuǎn)型時期英國社會歷史的基礎(chǔ)上,探討貴族階層社會地位的變化與其社會形象在文學(xué)作品中的嬗變之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,嘗試對文學(xué)與社會歷史的互動關(guān)系給出合理的解釋。 貴族指的是古代中世紀(jì)以及近代時期在社會、政治、經(jīng)濟、文化和法律等方面享有特權(quán)的等級階層。英國世俗貴族的稱謂經(jīng)歷了“哥斯特”、“塞恩”與“方伯”的演變,最終形成了五級貴族體系。爵位和特權(quán)是貴族身份的重要標(biāo)志。中世紀(jì)的英國貴族是王權(quán)的服務(wù)者和制約者,他們占據(jù)大量地產(chǎn),采取莊園經(jīng)營的方式主導(dǎo)著國家經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展,引領(lǐng)社會精神價值的取向。 貴族在中世紀(jì)英國文學(xué)作品中具有“天然長上”的正面形象。從早期的國王到伊麗莎白女王,從沃倫尼伯爵到貴族反對派領(lǐng)袖孟福爾伯爵,貴族在文學(xué)作品中的形象為人稱頌。西德尼爵士更以其高風(fēng)亮節(jié)、舍己為人的凜然之舉被文學(xué)作品贊譽為“時代之花”。早期英國貴族與騎士身份密不可分。騎士精神是貴族精神的源頭,騎士文學(xué)也是最早描繪貴族階層形象的文學(xué)作品。騎士制度與騎士文學(xué)為近代英國社會教育、風(fēng)俗、文學(xué)、藝術(shù)和語匯烙下了鮮明的印記。騎士文學(xué)作品所描述的貴族、騎士大都是傲然挺立,忠誠勇武、謙遜文雅的光輝形象,其目的就在于激勵騎士與貴族臻于達到騎士精神的理想境界,以便支撐社會的正義體系,使中世紀(jì)時期亂世求安的人們得以安居樂業(yè)。 都鐸王朝時期,英國社會開始轉(zhuǎn)型,由傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)業(yè)社會向近代工商業(yè)社會轉(zhuǎn)變,社會不同階層財富結(jié)構(gòu),尤其是土地財富占有結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)史無前例的劇烈變革,由此導(dǎo)致英國至諾曼征服之后數(shù)百年來的傳統(tǒng)社會結(jié)構(gòu)開始出現(xiàn)較大變化。各階級、階層、集團和人群的社會位置發(fā)生移位、變動,其相互關(guān)系也日趨多樣化、復(fù)雜化。新興鄉(xiāng)紳、約曼、工商業(yè)資產(chǎn)階級在英格蘭社會經(jīng)濟以及議會中的力量蓬勃興起,他們必然會要求陽光下的利益地盤。與此相對應(yīng)的則是土地貴族守舊的地產(chǎn)經(jīng)營管理方式導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟地位、政治特權(quán)以及爵位等級和社會榮譽地位急劇衰落,而貪婪腐敗、道德墮落、橫行霸道、賣官鬻爵實為貴族階層的關(guān)節(jié)炎,到了轉(zhuǎn)型時期,社會新興階層就會群起攻之,而貴族又不肯、不敢、不愿直面這些指摘,其形象也必然會為竭力爭權(quán)奪利的新興工商業(yè)階層所詬病,文學(xué)作品中的貴族形象也與亞瑟王傳奇時期的貴族之拯救生靈于亂世的形象大相徑庭。 轉(zhuǎn)型時期英國文學(xué)作品對貴族形象的批評與諷刺既有對貴族階層中某些具體人物為非作歹的直接點名道姓的抨擊,又有對整個貴族群體形象敗壞的理性剖析；既有從貴族群體內(nèi)部某些人物遭受命運逆轉(zhuǎn)、幡然醒悟之后對貴族虛妄品行的抨擊,亦有出身于貴族并仍身處其中的一些具有近代民主觀念的思想家對貴族階層以及貴族體制流弊之內(nèi)省式批判。在批評貴族形象的文學(xué)體裁方面,戲劇占據(jù)了極為重要的地位,這也是伊麗莎白時期英國文學(xué)最高藝術(shù)成就的表現(xiàn)方式。在戲劇之外,詩歌、散文、小說、政論文等緊隨其后,將貴族的形象從政治腐敗、殖民掠奪、經(jīng)濟貪婪與社會道德墮落等不同的側(cè)面一一加以拆解。 究其實質(zhì)而言,貴族文學(xué)形象的衰落是由其所代表的落后的地產(chǎn)經(jīng)營方式導(dǎo)致生產(chǎn)力無法滿足新興商品經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的矛盾所決定的,文學(xué)作品描述的貴族階層形象的嬗變只是對貴族階層喪失經(jīng)濟主導(dǎo)地位、政治特權(quán)旁落導(dǎo)致社會形象沉淪的必然趨勢的真實寫照,而不是引發(fā)貴族形象嬗變的主要原因。但文學(xué)作品對貴族形象的鞭撻推動了貴族階層的自我反省,促使貴族階層在經(jīng)濟生活、政治特權(quán)、文化教育、社會精神風(fēng)尚等領(lǐng)域力舉變革。一部分土地貴族改變地產(chǎn)經(jīng)營方式向新型資產(chǎn)者轉(zhuǎn)變,一部分新興資產(chǎn)階級也通過財富購買爵位等途徑實現(xiàn)貴族化,貴族與資產(chǎn)階級之間的相互融合既改變了貴族階層的經(jīng)濟地位,又避免了貴族成為資產(chǎn)階級革命的直接對象,有助于維護貴族群體的政治權(quán)勢,恢復(fù)貴族群體的社會形象,形成新的紳士文化,由此迎來了18世紀(jì)英國貴族的盛世。貴族階層近而以翩翩有禮的紳士風(fēng)度重新展現(xiàn)于文學(xué)作品與現(xiàn)實生活中,“英國紳士”成為了18世紀(jì)后期貴族在文學(xué)作品中普遍的敬稱,雖仍不失傲慢,但已是世人心悅誠服的贊嘆。 作者從兩個層面對論文的研究主題進行了總結(jié)：一、英國貴族和社會轉(zhuǎn)型的歷史經(jīng)驗,體現(xiàn)在四個方面：傳統(tǒng)貴族資產(chǎn)階級化與資產(chǎn)階級貴族化帶給英國社會變革的妥協(xié)性、政治變革上的漸進性、注重憲政觀念與法律意識以及貴族精神與紳士文化在社會變革中的牽引作用；二、文學(xué)與社會歷史之間存在著多層互動聯(lián)系。社會的存在與發(fā)展具有物質(zhì)的屬性,而文學(xué)則更具意識屬性,其可以在社會的物質(zhì)屬性基礎(chǔ)上縱橫跳躍,但無法脫離社會的時代背景,時代的屬性決定文學(xué)的精神內(nèi)涵。文學(xué)具備歷史的“真實性”,但揭示的是代表性的社會真理,是社會歷史的精華、節(jié)略和概要；歷史敘述也具備文學(xué)的屬性,文學(xué)和歷史兩種敘述方式在“追問真相”的哲學(xué)思維的支配下,成為互補的“追問真相”的不同方式,兩者不盡同而可相通,詩具史筆,史蘊詩心。
[Abstract]:This paper uses the theory and literature on social history in the research of history of literary criticism of new historicism, in the whole investigation foundation of English middle ages to modern social history during the transition period, the intrinsic link between the changes of the social status of the aristocracy and the social change of image in the literary works, try to Literature and social history the interactive relationship between give a reasonable explanation.
The nobility refers to the ancient medieval and modern periods in the social, political, economic, cultural and legal aspects of the privileged class class. British secular noble title has experienced "gust", "Sean evolution" and "city", and eventually formed a five level noble system is an important symbol of title and privilege. Nobility. The British aristocracy is medieval kingship and service constraints, they occupy a large number of real estate, take the manor operating mode dominates the development of the national economy, leading the social orientation of spiritual value.
The nobility with the "natural long" positive image in the literary works of medieval England. From the early king to Queen Elizabeth, from Wolunni count to noble opposition leader Earl de Montfort, image in the literary works of the aristocratic praise. Sir Sidney in the high wind Festival, it is the sacrifice awe inspiring literary works praise as the "era of flower". Early British nobles and knights identity inseparable. Knight spirit is the source of the spirit of the noble knight literature, is also one of the earliest literary works depict nobility image. The knight system and Qi Shiwen for social education, modern British customs, literature, art and language bears a distinctive mark of knight literature. The description of the nobles, knights are loyal brave, stand proudly, brilliant image of gentle humility, its purpose is to inspire the knight and noble knight to urda Zhen The ideal state of the spirit, in order to support the justice system of the society, made the people of the medieval times of the troubled times secure and live in peace and pleasure.
The Tudor England society began to transition, the transition from traditional agricultural society to modern industrial society, different social strata structure of wealth, especially land possession of wealth structure revolution which led to the British There was no parallel in history., Norman to conquer the traditional social structure for hundreds of years to start a larger change. Each class, class, group and people's social position shift and change, their mutual relations are becoming increasingly diversified, complicated. Emerging industrial and commercial power of the squire, yeoman, bourgeois society and economy in England and in Parliament booming, they will demand the sunshine interests site. Corresponding with this is the real estate management land aristocracy the conservative led to economic status, political privileges and title rank and social honor status declined sharply, and the greed and corruption, moral decay, run amuck, It is the nobility of the arthritis maiguanyujue, to the transition period, new social classes will be rushed to the attack, and the nobles refused, dare not, do not want to face these accusations, the image will be criticized for the emerging business class to struggle for power, in literary works and also save the noble image of King Arthur legend period noble creatures in troubled times the image be quite different.
British literature during the transition period of criticism and satire on the noble image of both of the nobility in some specific character names directly do evil attack, and rational analysis of corruption of the noble image of the group; both groups within certain characters from the noble fate was reversed, attack on the noble conduct of false awakening. There are some aristocratic democratic ideas with modern thinkers and still living in one of the nobility and aristocracy within the province. In the literary criticism of such genre criticism noble image, drama plays a very important role, which is the highest artistic achievement of Elizabeth period in English literature forms. In the play outside, poetry, prose, novels, essays, followed by image from the aristocratic political corruption, colonial plunder, economic greed and moral degradation To dismantle one by one on different sides.
Inessence, the decline of aristocratic literature is not determined by the image of the development of commodity economy in the emerging contradictions caused by the productive force behind the real estate business, the evolution of literary works describe the aristocracy of images is the dominant position of the economic loss of the nobility, a true portrayal of political privileges leads to an inevitable trend of social image. Sink, not the leading cause of noble image of evolution. But the literary works of the noble image of the nobility of the lash promote self reflection, the aristocratic stratum in economic life, political privileges, cultural education, social and other fields for the spirit of fashion change. A part of the land aristocracy to change the transition to the new mode of operation of real estate bourgeois, a part of the bourgeoisie is realized through the wealth to buy the title of nobility, between the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie is melting He not only changed the nobility of the economic status, but also avoid the aristocrat becomes a direct object of the bourgeois revolution, contribute to the maintenance of the noble group of political power, restore the aristocracy social image, the formation of new gentleman culture, which ushered in the eighteenth Century British nobility. The nobility in the world filled with elegant and polite a gentleman to show in the literature and real life, "the British gentleman" became the aristocracy in late eighteenth Century in the literary works in the common honorifics, but has still not lost pride, the world is convincing and impressive.
The author from the two aspects of the topic of this paper is summarized: first, the historical experience of the British aristocracy and social transformation, reflected in four aspects: the traditional bourgeois aristocratic and bourgeois aristocratic compromise to British social change, progressive political reform, focus on the role of traction constitutional idea and legal consciousness and the noble spirit and gentleman culture in social change; two, there are multi-level interactive relationship between literature and social history. With the material properties of existence and development of the society, and literature is more aware of the attributes in the social material properties based on vertical jump, but can not be divorced from the social background of the times. The attribute determines the spiritual connotation of literature. The literary history with "reality", but reveal is representative of the social truth, is the essence of social history, and history are abridged; The property also has literature, literature and history two kind of narration in "rule of philosophical thinking of questioning the truth", become complementary "questioning the truth" in different ways, both are connected with the poem and, with pen of history, history of close relationship.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：K561;I565.06

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