發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-01-03 00:28

  本文關(guān)鍵詞：英國地方自治體制研究　出處：《南開大學(xué)》2014年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 英國政治 地方政府 地方自治 地方治理

【摘要】：英國是一個(gè)具有深厚地方自治傳統(tǒng)的單一制國家,地方主義、自治和法治傳統(tǒng)、以及自由主義和個(gè)人主義、多元主義、參與主義、經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義和實(shí)用主義的政治文化是其地方自治的基礎(chǔ)。英國地方政府的形成早于中央政府,經(jīng)歷了早期地方自治的形成演變、現(xiàn)代地方自治的發(fā)展和地方自治變革三個(gè)階段。英國是世界上最早建構(gòu)起現(xiàn)代地方自治體制的國家,也是二十世紀(jì)以來最早實(shí)行地方自治改革的國家。然而二戰(zhàn)以來,英國的中央集權(quán)趨勢(shì)日增。20世紀(jì)后期,地方自治受到很大削弱,中央與地方矛盾日益尖銳。地方政府要求打破限制、尋求更多自治權(quán)力,自我創(chuàng)新愿望不斷增強(qiáng),雙方呈現(xiàn)出持續(xù)性權(quán)力關(guān)系博弈的狀況。 在英國,影響其地方自治發(fā)展變革的因素主要包括：地方政府的差異性和創(chuàng)新性因素、單一制國家結(jié)構(gòu)形式、諸種政治哲學(xué)理念以及政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)環(huán)境等。英國的區(qū)域政治傳統(tǒng)、地方政府的多樣性和創(chuàng)新能力、新的地方治理理念以及全球化趨勢(shì)和歐盟為英國地方政府提供的發(fā)展機(jī)會(huì)等,都推動(dòng)著英國地方自治的發(fā)展。盡管如此,基于英國的單一制體制、不成文憲法和議會(huì)主權(quán)傳統(tǒng),使英國不具有保護(hù)地方自治的成文法和大多數(shù)歐洲國家地方政府所擁有的“一般權(quán)限”。地方政府被視為“議會(huì)的創(chuàng)造物”,受到越權(quán)原則的限制,地方的財(cái)政權(quán)限不斷受到侵蝕。在城市化和工業(yè)化的進(jìn)程中,由于地方政府無法單獨(dú)應(yīng)對(duì)發(fā)展中出現(xiàn)的新的挑戰(zhàn),需要中央政府的援助和規(guī)范,從而導(dǎo)致中央政府更多的控制。此外,英國的政黨也將地方政府作為彼此間相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的場(chǎng)所,參與到地方政治和社會(huì)活動(dòng)中,進(jìn)而限制了地方的自主性和活力。在錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的地方政治過程中,諸種因素縱橫交錯(cuò),共同推動(dòng)和抑制著英國地方自治的發(fā)展。 英國地方自治問題,同時(shí)也是英國中央和地方的關(guān)系問題。英國的中央政府和地方政府在不同歷史時(shí)期呈現(xiàn)出不同的關(guān)系結(jié)構(gòu)特征。從早期王權(quán)與地方分權(quán)并存到二元政體,發(fā)展到現(xiàn)代地方政府體制下中央集權(quán)主義與地方主義并存,再到當(dāng)代地方治理下中央和地方的新型“伙伴關(guān)系”。不同時(shí)期雙方關(guān)系結(jié)構(gòu)的重心不同�；谟凭玫牡胤阶灾蝹鹘y(tǒng),長(zhǎng)期以來,英國人始終尊重地方自治的現(xiàn)實(shí),并希望此種地方政府體制能夠繼續(xù)發(fā)揮其功能,在此基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)而出現(xiàn)了“新地方主義”,即綜合中央主義和地方主義的新的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。英國的地方自治體制是中央集權(quán)型的地方自治類型,此種類型體現(xiàn)為一種矛盾體,既具有濃厚的地方自治傳統(tǒng)、又呈現(xiàn)為中央政府不斷侵蝕地方權(quán)力,不斷走向集權(quán)的趨勢(shì)。
[Abstract]:Britain is a monolithic country with a profound tradition of local autonomy, localism, self-government and the rule of law, as well as liberalism and individualism, pluralism, and participation. The political culture of empiricism and pragmatism is the basis of local autonomy. The formation of local government in Britain was earlier than that of central government, and it experienced the formation and evolution of early local autonomy. Britain is the first country in the world to construct the modern local autonomy system. It was also the first country to carry out the reform of local self-government since 20th century. However, since World War II, the trend of centralization in Britain has increased. In the late 20th century, local self-government was greatly weakened. The contradiction between the central government and the local government is increasingly sharp. The local government demands to break down the restrictions, seek more autonomous power, and the desire for self-innovation is constantly strengthened, and the two sides present the situation of continuous power relationship game. In Britain, the factors that influence the development and transformation of local autonomy include the differences and innovative factors of local government, the single system of state structure, various political philosophy ideas and politics. The economic and social environment, the British regional political tradition, the diversity and innovation of local governments, the new concept of local governance, the trend of globalization and the development opportunities provided by the European Union for British local governments, etc. Despite the fact that there is a single system based on the United Kingdom, there is no written constitution or tradition of parliamentary sovereignty. The statute law that prevents Britain from protecting local self-government and the "general competence" of local governments in most European countries... the local government is considered a "creation of Parliament" and is limited by the principle of ultra vires. Local fiscal authority is constantly eroded. In the process of urbanization and industrialization, central government assistance and regulation are required because local governments are unable to meet the new challenges arising from development alone. This has led to more central government control. In addition, political parties in the United Kingdom use local governments as a forum for competing with each other and participate in local political and social activities. In the complicated process of local politics, various factors crisscrossed and jointly promoted and restrained the development of British local autonomy. The question of British Home Rule. At the same time, it is also a question of the relationship between the central government and the local government in Britain. The central government and the local government in the United Kingdom have different structural characteristics of relations in different historical periods, from the coexistence of Wang Quan and local decentralization to dualism in the early period of history. Under the modern local government system, centralism and regionalism coexist. Then to the new "partnership" between the central and local governments under the contemporary local governance. The structure of the relationship between the two sides is different in different periods, based on the long tradition of local autonomy in Britain, for a long time. The British always respected the reality of local autonomy, and hoped that the local government system would continue to play its role. On this basis, the emergence of "new localism". That is to say, the new development trend of centralism and regionalism. The system of local autonomy in Britain is a centralized type of local autonomy, which is reflected as a contradiction and has a strong tradition of local autonomy. Also presents the central government unceasingly erodes the local power, unceasingly moves toward the centralization tendency.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南開大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：D756.1
，

本文編號(hào)：1371595