本文關(guān)鍵詞：銀行存貸掛鉤的正當(dāng)性及其監(jiān)管研究　出處：《華東政法大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 銀行 企業(yè) 存貸 需求 監(jiān)管 矛盾

【摘要】：在我國(guó)現(xiàn)行的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制中,各類國(guó)有、商業(yè)股份制銀行在金融領(lǐng)域活動(dòng)中占據(jù)著極其重要的地位。銀行作為持有我國(guó)政府頒發(fā)的的金融許可牌照的企業(yè),主要承擔(dān)吸收公眾存款,向公眾發(fā)放貸款等金融服務(wù)職能。對(duì)于我國(guó)銀行而言,由于我國(guó)國(guó)情的特殊性和復(fù)雜性,銀行成為唯一具有吸存放貸的合法機(jī)構(gòu),國(guó)家也在立法層面進(jìn)行各種保護(hù),并打擊非銀行的吸儲(chǔ),控制非銀行的放貸,加上中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)金融理念的根深蒂固,直接造成了銀行在金融活動(dòng)領(lǐng)域中的絕對(duì)主導(dǎo)地位。在我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)謀求迅猛發(fā)展的當(dāng)下,因?yàn)楦餍懈鳂I(yè)的維持運(yùn)營(yíng)以及擴(kuò)大規(guī)�；蛘呱罨a(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)都離不開(kāi)大量資金的支持,那么銀行的貸款只能就顯得尤為重要。對(duì)于銀行這個(gè)本質(zhì)上屬于金融服務(wù)中介的機(jī)構(gòu)來(lái)說(shuō),發(fā)放貸款的規(guī)模完全不可能依靠其自有的資金來(lái)支撐,所以,吸收存款,充實(shí)自身的資金池用以擴(kuò)大貸款發(fā)放的規(guī)模是必然的需求。與此同時(shí),我國(guó)的銀行業(yè)仍然處于銀行經(jīng)營(yíng)的傳統(tǒng)基礎(chǔ)階段,那就是依靠貸款利率與存款利率的固定比差進(jìn)行獲利,這一點(diǎn)與國(guó)外的銀行經(jīng)營(yíng)方式和理念有著截然不同的差別,這種差別使我國(guó)銀行業(yè)形成了通過(guò)獲取存貸款的利差做為主要利潤(rùn)來(lái)源的固定思維。而這樣的固定思維的產(chǎn)生與我國(guó)金融主管部門、經(jīng)營(yíng)管理機(jī)構(gòu)的相關(guān)規(guī)章制度是密不分可的,我國(guó)銀行的利率由金融主管部門直接依據(jù)經(jīng)濟(jì)需求進(jìn)行確定的方式,直接體現(xiàn)統(tǒng)治階級(jí)對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)的掌握,這種簡(jiǎn)單粗暴一刀切的方式直接為我國(guó)銀行提供了高額利差收入的法律保證,并且這樣的法律保證,普通公民是不能夠提出異議的,只能無(wú)條件執(zhí)行。那么作為經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的主要執(zhí)行者,我國(guó)銀行為了實(shí)現(xiàn)自身利潤(rùn)的增長(zhǎng),必然要擴(kuò)大貸款的規(guī)模,而擴(kuò)大貸款規(guī)模的前提就是銀行需要具有足夠的資產(chǎn),也可以簡(jiǎn)單的理解成為銀行有著足夠的存款規(guī)模。那么存款和貸款的掛鉤也就是順理成章的事情。但是,銀行將存款和貸款掛鉤起來(lái)的行為,卻是傷害了其他經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)參與者的的合法利益,就拿最基本的貸款業(yè)務(wù)而言,銀行要求的存貸掛鉤機(jī)制給貸款企業(yè)額外增加了不必要的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān),并且對(duì)整個(gè)社會(huì)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展埋下了隱患。銀行將存貸掛鉤的對(duì)于企業(yè)的影響直接體現(xiàn)在了在發(fā)放貸款的時(shí)候,要求企業(yè)承諾或者事先按貸款金額的一定比例存入等量的現(xiàn)金,作為換取發(fā)放貸款的前提條件。至于存入的資金來(lái)源,銀行在所不問(wèn)。通常情況下,申請(qǐng)貸款的企業(yè)往往都是非常缺乏資金,那么要存入部分的資金從何而來(lái)就成為企業(yè)亟待解決的問(wèn)題�，F(xiàn)實(shí)情況是,許多企業(yè)只有通過(guò)中介,也就是所謂的資金掮客,通過(guò)其他企業(yè)或者個(gè)人存入資金來(lái)?yè)Q取貸款的發(fā)放。而其他企業(yè)或者個(gè)人為申請(qǐng)貸款的企業(yè)存款并不是免費(fèi)的,申請(qǐng)貸款的企業(yè)必須支付給存款企業(yè)或者個(gè)人一筆費(fèi)用,這就是資金行業(yè)里所稱的“貼息”。這部分費(fèi)用的數(shù)量銀行不做任何要求,申請(qǐng)貸款企業(yè)和存款企業(yè)只需要自行協(xié)商即可,一般根據(jù)各地的經(jīng)濟(jì)條件有所差異,但是通常在2%-4%之間。這部分費(fèi)用就直接增加了申請(qǐng)貸款企業(yè)的貸款成本。做為銀行而言,它本身作為企業(yè),通過(guò)正常的經(jīng)營(yíng),逐利作為它的根本目標(biāo)是無(wú)可厚非的。同時(shí),存款作為銀行的規(guī)模評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)之一,銀行需求更多的存款也是符合其自身發(fā)展要求的。但是,銀行卻利用它在金融領(lǐng)域活動(dòng)中的優(yōu)勢(shì)、強(qiáng)勢(shì)的地位,在經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)中對(duì)申請(qǐng)貸款的企業(yè)提出了不合理的要求,并以此作為吸收公眾存款的手段之一,這個(gè)行為就不僅僅只能作為經(jīng)營(yíng)方式來(lái)考查,更多體現(xiàn)的是銀行對(duì)于自身地位濫用的情形。同時(shí),銀行將存貸掛鉤以后直接或者間接產(chǎn)生一定數(shù)量的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)甚至是社會(huì)法律問(wèn)題。銀行的存貸掛鉤導(dǎo)致不能從別的途徑獲取存款支持的企業(yè)不能獲取貸款或者不能獲取足額的貸款,轉(zhuǎn)而開(kāi)始尋求民間借貸。而民間借貸高昂的利息成為壓垮貸款企業(yè)的最后一根稻草。民間借貸直接導(dǎo)致許多原本可以通過(guò)銀行繼續(xù)維持經(jīng)營(yíng)的企業(yè)破產(chǎn)倒閉。而且,民間借貸的還款問(wèn)題也催生了大量民事訴訟的產(chǎn)生,甚至衍生成為和人身財(cái)產(chǎn)相關(guān)的刑事案件。就當(dāng)前的基層人民法院而言,在民事類訴訟中,涉及民間借貸糾紛的案件比例每年都在大量增加,在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)的確的基層人民法院,一年的民事訴訟中,涉及民間借貸糾紛的訴訟甚至可以達(dá)到60%以上。在民間借貸糾紛日益增多的情形下,大量的民間借貸機(jī)構(gòu)也開(kāi)始拒絕對(duì)部分企業(yè)發(fā)放貸款,那么許多無(wú)法貸款的企業(yè)只能采取了鋌而走險(xiǎn)的方式,也就是采用了違法的許以高額利息回報(bào),向廣大社會(huì)群眾吸收資金,最后因資金鏈斷裂導(dǎo)致企業(yè)法人畏罪潛逃,大量人民群眾的資金不知去向,造成極壞的社會(huì)影響。這種非法集資的行為近年來(lái)頻頻發(fā)生,各地都有許多當(dāng)?shù)刂拇笮推髽I(yè)都涉及非法集資。還有甚者,企業(yè)在無(wú)法從銀行獲取貸款后,與相關(guān)人員相互勾結(jié),以存款的名義騙取他人或其他企業(yè)存入資金,通過(guò)偽造的印鑒轉(zhuǎn)移走了存入的資金,直接將他人存款據(jù)為己有。這樣的案例這幾年在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)多有發(fā)生。這樣的案件不僅僅損害了廣大人民群眾的合法財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)利,同時(shí)也對(duì)我國(guó)銀行業(yè)的聲譽(yù)造成了及其惡劣的影響。雖然這些經(jīng)濟(jì)、刑事犯罪的產(chǎn)生雖然看起來(lái)是個(gè)別現(xiàn)象,但是究其根源,卻是可以追溯銀行收貸,不放貸的原因之上。隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)制度的建設(shè)和完善,我國(guó)銀行基于法律所要求的審慎經(jīng)營(yíng),規(guī)避風(fēng)險(xiǎn),于是在貸款審核上加強(qiáng)審查力度,對(duì)于申請(qǐng)貸款的企業(yè)的審批通過(guò)率以及貸款額度做出了嚴(yán)格控制,減少了發(fā)放貸款的數(shù)量和對(duì)象范圍,但同時(shí)對(duì)于符合貸款條件的企業(yè)又基于銀行自身利益的需求對(duì)于存貸進(jìn)行掛鉤。這樣的行為,直接導(dǎo)致大量能夠取得銀行貸款的企業(yè)被推向了民間借貸或者非法集資的這條不歸路。雖然我國(guó)相關(guān)銀行業(yè)主管部門出臺(tái)了不少監(jiān)管措施,也制定了相應(yīng)的法律法規(guī)以及各種形式部門規(guī)章及行業(yè)規(guī)則,并且在對(duì)于銀行存貸業(yè)務(wù)的審查上也采用了更加細(xì)致的措施。近年來(lái),我國(guó)銀行主管部門和銀行業(yè)監(jiān)管部門就存貸掛鉤,以存轉(zhuǎn)貸的問(wèn)題一直都有著制約和監(jiān)管,并且每年的審查管理力度都在增加。但是銀行存貸掛鉤的行為依然存在,并且已經(jīng)成為了大部分銀行所一致認(rèn)可的貸款潛規(guī)則,改變的只是將存貸掛鉤的現(xiàn)象從水面上轉(zhuǎn)為地下進(jìn)行,存貸掛鉤的形式更加隱蔽,銀行采用了各種方式或者手段逃避監(jiān)管。當(dāng)今社會(huì),銀行業(yè)的發(fā)展和銀行業(yè)主管部門的監(jiān)管本身就存在著矛盾和沖突,這其實(shí)是國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)管理和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展存在的分歧。在銀行業(yè)高速發(fā)展并且謀求與世界經(jīng)濟(jì)接軌的今天,平衡銀行業(yè)規(guī)模擴(kuò)張的需求和其他經(jīng)濟(jì)、金融領(lǐng)域的參與者的合法利益保護(hù),是銀行主管部門和監(jiān)管部門主要的工作方向。當(dāng)然,制定必要的法律法規(guī)、部門規(guī)章、行業(yè)規(guī)則是基礎(chǔ)工作,而如何使現(xiàn)有的法律法規(guī)、部門規(guī)章、行業(yè)規(guī)則發(fā)揮出應(yīng)有的作用,這不僅僅是銀行主管、監(jiān)管部門和銀行的事,而是需要全社會(huì)進(jìn)行通力合作。銀行將存貸掛鉤的行為是具有我國(guó)政治、法律制度的根本原因,也是有銀行業(yè)自身的經(jīng)濟(jì)要求的。研究銀行將存貸掛鉤的正當(dāng)性,是為了理解銀行業(yè)的需求,在日后的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、法律建設(shè)上能夠一定程度符合銀行業(yè)的要求。同時(shí),對(duì)于銀行存貸掛鉤監(jiān)管的研究目的是為了更好的保護(hù)其他經(jīng)濟(jì)金融活動(dòng)參與者的合法權(quán)益,將銀行的權(quán)力進(jìn)行必要的限制和約束,引導(dǎo)銀行業(yè)的健康有序的發(fā)展,緩解因?yàn)殂y行的經(jīng)營(yíng)而產(chǎn)生的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)矛盾,保證社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的穩(wěn)定和健康發(fā)展,減少出現(xiàn)因經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展而衍生出的刑事案件,實(shí)現(xiàn)我國(guó)銀行業(yè)的科學(xué),可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:In the current market economy, all kinds of state-owned commercial bank, shareholding system occupies a very important position in the financial sector activities. As China's Bank holds financial licence issued by the government of the enterprise, is mainly responsible for the public to absorb public deposits, loans and other financial services to China's banks. And because of the complexity and particularity of our country, the bank has become the only legitimate body suction loans, countries have various protection at the legislative level, and against non bank deposit taking control, non bank lending, coupled with the traditional financial Chinese idea ingrained, the direct cause of the banks in the financial activities in the field of absolute the leading position in China's economy. For the rapid development of the moment, because the maintenance operation of all walks of life and the expansion of scale or deepen the industrial structure cannot do without a large amount of money Support, so bank loans only for banks is particularly important. This essentially belongs to the financial intermediary service institutions, lending completely impossible to rely on its own funds to support, therefore, deposits, enrich their pool of funds to expand the size of loans is an inevitable demand. At the same time. China's banking industry is still in the basic stage of traditional banks, it is relying on lending rates and deposit rates than fixed differential profit, this point with the foreign banks operating mode and concept is very different, the difference of China's banking industry formed a fixed thinking spreads through access to deposits and loans to do as the main source of profits. And this fixed thinking of the China's financial departments, management mechanism of the relevant rules and regulations are closely divided, China Silver For the interest rate by the financial departments directly on the basis of the economic demand determined, directly reflects the ruling class for the economy to grasp, this simple and crude way across the board directly to our bank guarantees high interest income law, and the legal guarantee, ordinary citizens can not be challenged, only unconditional as the main execution. Then the implementation of economic policy, China's banks in order to realize their own profit growth is bound to expand the size of loans and loan scale is the premise to expand the bank needs to have adequate assets, also can be simply understood as bank has enough deposit scale. Then linked deposits and loans are is the logical thing. However, the bank will hook up the savings and loan behavior, but hurt the participants in other economic activities on the lawful rights and interests. Take the most basic loans, banks require to deposit linked mechanism of loan enterprise additional unnecessary economic burden, and to the development of social market economy potential problems. The bank will deposit linked to enterprise influence directly reflected in the time in issuing loans, enterprise commitment or advance according to a certain percentage of the loan amount in the same amount of cash, as a condition for granting loans. As for the source of funds deposited into the bank, not in question. Typically, loan companies often are very lack of funds, so to deposit part of the funds come from enterprises has become urgent problem to be solved. The reality is that many enterprises only through an intermediary, the so-called money brokers, by other enterprises or individuals to deposit funds for loans and other enterprises or industry. The person to apply for loans to corporate deposits is not free, apply for loans to enterprises must pay for deposits of enterprises or individuals a fee, which is called fund industry's "discount". The number of banks in this part of the cost without any requirements, apply for a loan and deposit business enterprises only need to negotiate their own can, in general according to the local economic conditions vary, but usually in the range of 2%-4%. This part of the cost will directly increase the enterprises to apply for loan costs. For banks, as the enterprise itself, through the normal operating profit as its fundamental goal is no ground for blame. At the same time, as one of the deposit bank scale evaluation index the bank needs more deposits, is also in line with its own development requirements. However, banks are using it in the activity in the financial field advantage, strong position in business activities Put forward unreasonable demands for loans to enterprises, and as one of the means to absorb public deposits, not only as a behavior mode of operation to test, and more is reflected in the bank for their own position abuse situation. At the same time, the bank will then deposit linked directly or indirectly produces a certain amount of social economy and even society legal issues. Linked deposit banks led to deposit cannot get support of businesses can not get loans or cannot obtain full loan from the other way, instead began to seek private lending and private lending. High interest has become the last straw breaks the enterprise loans. Private lending led directly to many of the original can be made by bank to maintain corporate bankruptcy management the problem of repayment. Moreover, private lending has also spawned a lot of civil litigation, and even develop into For personal property and related criminal cases. In terms of the grassroots people's courts in civil litigation, the proportion of cases annually involve private lending disputes are increasing, in the economically developed is the grassroots people's court civil procedure for a year, involved in private lending disputes can even reach more than 60% private lending disputes are increasing. In the circumstances, a large number of private lending institutions began to refuse to part of business loans, loans to so many enterprises can only take the way that rush into danger, using illegal promised high interest returns, the absorption of funds to the majority of the masses, finally due to funding strand breaks lead the corporate people fled, lots of money disappear without a trace, resulting in extremely bad social impact. This kind of illegal fund-raising behavior occurred frequently in recent years, all over Many local well-known large enterprises are involved in illegal fund-raising. There are still, enterprises unable to get loans from the bank, in collusion with the relevant personnel, to deposit in the name of defrauding others or other enterprises to deposit funds through forged seal away, deposited the funds directly to their savings for themselves. Such cases in recent in the economically developed areas have occurred. Such cases are not only damages people's legitimate property rights, and also caused a bad influence on our banking industry's reputation. Although the economy, the occurrence of criminal offences seems to be individual phenomenon, but the reason is, can be traced back the loan to bank. On the reasons for not lending. With the construction of our country and perfecting the economic system, China's banking prudent operation, legal requirement based on risk aversion, so in the loan audit Strengthen scrutiny for approval to apply for loans to enterprises through the rate and the loan amount to strictly control, reduce the number and scope of loans, but also to meet the conditions of the loan companies and banks based on their own needs and interests linked to deposit. Such behavior, a direct result of a large number of Bank loans can be achieved the enterprise is pushed to the private lending or illegal fund-raising this road. Although the Department in charge of bank industry in China has introduced a number of regulatory measures, has formulated the corresponding laws and regulations and various forms of departmental regulations and rules of the industry, and also uses a more detailed measures for bank Business Review in recent years. To our bank and the Department in charge of the banking supervision department loan linked to deposit and lending problems have been restricting and supervision, and every year Review of the management are increasing. But the bank deposit linked behavior still exists, and has been recognized by the majority of bank loans just change the unspoken rule, will be linked deposit phenomenon from surface to underground, deposit linked to more subtle forms, the bank used a variety of methods or means to avoid regulation. In today's society, the competent department of banking industry development and banking supervision itself there are contradictions and conflicts, which is actually exist in the national development of economic management and social and economic differences. With the rapid development of the banking industry and seek integration with the world economy today, the balance of bank scale expansion of demand and other economic interests. The financial sector participants, is the main direction of the work of the bank and the Department in charge of supervision department. Of course, make the necessary laws and regulations, department regulations, industry The rule is the basic work, but how to make the existing laws and regulations, departmental regulations, rules of the industry to play its due role, it is not only in charge of the bank, regulators and banks, but the whole society need to work together. The bank will deposit linked with China's political behavior is the fundamental reason, the legal system, but also have the economic requirements of banking itself. The bank will study the legitimacy of Linked Deposit, in order to understand the needs of the banking industry, the economy in the days after the political, legal construction, to a certain extent with the banking requirements. At the same time, for the purpose of bank regulation is linked to better protect the legitimate rights and interests of other participants economic and financial activities, the power of the bank to make the necessary restrictions and constraints, to guide the development of the banking industry healthy and orderly, ease because banks and social economy Contradictions, ensure social and economic stability and healthy development, reduce the criminal cases derived from economic development, and achieve the scientific and sustainable development of China's banking industry.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：D922.281

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