【摘要】：豐富而低廉的勞動(dòng)力曾為中國制造業(yè)在國際競爭中保持優(yōu)勢提供重要支撐,但是近年來卻面臨著勞動(dòng)力成本持續(xù)上升的壓力。勞動(dòng)力成本的不斷上升對企業(yè)行為、產(chǎn)業(yè)升級和經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展都產(chǎn)生了深刻影響。現(xiàn)有研究一般認(rèn)為勞動(dòng)力成本上升會(huì)"倒逼"企業(yè)創(chuàng)新,勞動(dòng)力成本的增長雖然增加了企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的成本,但會(huì)促使企業(yè)采取創(chuàng)新行為,提高競爭力,從而達(dá)到"創(chuàng)造性破壞"的階段。從理論角度上看,新古典的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、熊彼特的增長理論和內(nèi)生增長理論對勞動(dòng)力成本與創(chuàng)新的影響機(jī)制已有較多論述。然而,在當(dāng)前中國勞動(dòng)力成本迅速上漲的條件下,企業(yè)選擇消極地或是積極地應(yīng)對的案例都屢見不鮮,成為經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型過程中引發(fā)討論的兩種完全相反的現(xiàn)象。從企業(yè)本身內(nèi)部異質(zhì)性特征出發(fā),企業(yè)規(guī)模的不同導(dǎo)致了企業(yè)在面臨成本上升壓力時(shí)的應(yīng)對能力不一,在創(chuàng)新理論的系統(tǒng)研究中,企業(yè)規(guī)模對創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)具有重要影響。因此,本文研究的問題是企業(yè)規(guī)模在勞動(dòng)力成本上升影響企業(yè)創(chuàng)新的過程中發(fā)揮了何種作用,并探析其原因。本文基于中國企業(yè)—?jiǎng)趧?dòng)力匹配調(diào)查(CEES)數(shù)據(jù),對勞動(dòng)力成本上升背景下不同規(guī)模企業(yè)創(chuàng)新行為的變化進(jìn)行了大樣本的實(shí)證研究。將企業(yè)研發(fā)強(qiáng)度和新產(chǎn)品銷售額作為企業(yè)創(chuàng)新的代理變量,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)勞動(dòng)力成本上升對于企業(yè)創(chuàng)新投入存在顯著的負(fù)向激勵(lì)作用,對企業(yè)新產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新具有顯著的"倒逼"效應(yīng),但加入企業(yè)規(guī)模和勞動(dòng)力成本的交互項(xiàng)后,發(fā)現(xiàn)企業(yè)規(guī)模顯著降低了勞動(dòng)力成本上升對企業(yè)創(chuàng)新的不利影響,隨著企業(yè)規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大,勞動(dòng)力成本上升對企業(yè)創(chuàng)新的"倒逼"效應(yīng)逐漸增強(qiáng),也即企業(yè)規(guī)模具有顯著的調(diào)節(jié)作用。在穩(wěn)健性檢驗(yàn)和內(nèi)生性問題的討論中,企業(yè)規(guī)模的正向調(diào)節(jié)作用也十分顯著。論文進(jìn)一步分析認(rèn)為,之所以勞動(dòng)力成本上升對企業(yè)創(chuàng)新行為的影響在不同規(guī)模企業(yè)之間存在明顯差異,創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)的規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)性、創(chuàng)新的技能偏向性和勞動(dòng)力成本上升的技能分化是其產(chǎn)生的重要機(jī)制。對于中小企業(yè)而言,創(chuàng)新資金基礎(chǔ)薄弱、技能勞動(dòng)力積累不足和勞動(dòng)力成本上升幅度快是造成其難以通過企業(yè)創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)有效對沖勞動(dòng)力成本上升壓力的重要原因。據(jù)此,論文從政府政策層面對大型企業(yè)和中小企業(yè)如何在勞動(dòng)力成本持續(xù)上升情況下提升創(chuàng)新能力提出了一些建議。
[Abstract]:The abundant and cheap labor force has provided the important support for the Chinese manufacturing industry to maintain the superiority in the international competition, but in recent years it is facing the pressure of the rising labor cost. The rising labor cost has a profound impact on enterprise behavior, industrial upgrading and sustainable economic development. Existing studies generally believe that rising labor costs will "force" enterprises to innovate. Although the increase in labor costs increases the cost of enterprise production, it will encourage enterprises to adopt innovative behavior and improve their competitiveness. In order to reach the stage of "creative destruction". From a theoretical point of view, the influence mechanism of neoclassical economics, Schumpeter's growth theory and endogenous growth theory on labor cost and innovation has been discussed. However, under the condition of the rapid rise of labor cost in China, the cases that enterprises choose to deal with passively or positively are common and become two completely opposite phenomena in the process of economic transformation. According to the internal heterogeneity of enterprises, the different scale of enterprises leads to different coping ability when facing the pressure of rising cost. In the systematic study of innovation theory, the scale of enterprises has an important impact on innovation activities. Therefore, the problem studied in this paper is how the scale of enterprises plays a role in the process of labor cost rising and influencing the innovation of enterprises, and analyzes the reasons. Based on the (CEES) data of China's business-labor force matching survey, this paper conducts a large sample empirical study on the changes of innovation behavior of enterprises of different sizes under the background of rising labor costs. Taking R & D intensity and new product sales as proxy variables of enterprise innovation, it is found that the increase of labor cost has a significant negative incentive effect on enterprise innovation investment, and has a significant "forced" effect on enterprise new product innovation. However, after joining the interaction between enterprise size and labor cost, it is found that enterprise scale significantly reduces the adverse impact of rising labor cost on enterprise innovation, and with the expansion of enterprise scale, The "forcing" effect of enterprise innovation is gradually enhanced by the increase of labor cost, that is, the scale of enterprise has a significant regulating effect. In the discussion of robustness test and endogeneity, the positive regulation of firm scale is also very significant. The paper further analyzes that the impact of the rising labor cost on the innovation behavior of enterprises has obvious differences among different scale enterprises, and the scale economy of innovation activities. The skill bias of innovation and the skill differentiation of rising labor cost are the important mechanism. For small and medium-sized enterprises, the weak foundation of innovation fund, the insufficient accumulation of skilled labor force and the rapid increase of labor cost are the important reasons that make it difficult to effectively hedge the rising pressure of labor cost through enterprise innovation activities. On the basis of this, the paper puts forward some suggestions on how to improve the innovation ability of large enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises under the condition of rising labor cost from the government policy level.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：F273.1;F272.92

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