本文關(guān)鍵詞：關(guān)中城市群道路移動(dòng)源污染物排放清單與減排策略研究　出處：《長(zhǎng)安大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 關(guān)中城市群 道路移動(dòng)源 MOVES模型 排放清單 非常規(guī)污染物 光化學(xué)煙霧 減排策略

【摘要】：近年來(lái),關(guān)中地區(qū)因日趨嚴(yán)重的大氣污染被納入國(guó)家大氣污染重點(diǎn)防治區(qū)域“三區(qū)十群”。機(jī)動(dòng)車排放對(duì)以西安、寶雞、銅川、咸陽(yáng)(含楊凌)和渭南為中心的區(qū)域內(nèi)大氣污染的貢獻(xiàn)愈發(fā)顯著并嚴(yán)重影響該區(qū)域的經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展和居民健康。另一方面,機(jī)動(dòng)車排放的氨(NH_3)、揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物(VOCs)、甲醛(HCHO)、丙烯醛(C_3H_4O)、苯(C_6H_6)等非常規(guī)污染物是城市光化學(xué)煙霧和大氣二次氣溶膠的重要前體物,會(huì)對(duì)環(huán)境和人體健康產(chǎn)生更大的危害,但尚未引起足夠重視。目前,機(jī)動(dòng)車排放非常規(guī)污染物、顆粒物的高時(shí)空分辨率清單仍然空白,導(dǎo)致減排策略缺乏技術(shù)支撐,已經(jīng)影響到大氣污染模式模擬的準(zhǔn)確性和區(qū)域大氣污染減排控制策略的針對(duì)性。因此,本論文對(duì)關(guān)中城市群道路移動(dòng)源污染物的高時(shí)空分辨率排放清單進(jìn)行了研究,以此對(duì)污染減排控制策略效果進(jìn)行評(píng)估。主要研究?jī)?nèi)容如下:(1)使用MOVES模型研究機(jī)動(dòng)車常規(guī)污染物、非常規(guī)污染物和燃油顆粒物、剎車及輪胎磨損顆粒物的排放因子,模型參數(shù)針對(duì)關(guān)中地區(qū)進(jìn)行本地化修正;使用AP-42模型研究關(guān)中交通揚(yáng)塵顆粒物排放因子。本文以2012年為基準(zhǔn)年建立關(guān)中城市群道路移動(dòng)源污染物年排放總量清單。結(jié)果如下:a.常規(guī)污染物排放量如下:一氧化碳(CO)為45.40萬(wàn)噸,氮氧化物(NO_x)為8.190萬(wàn)噸,二氧化硫(SO_2)為0.420萬(wàn)噸;b.非常規(guī)污染物排放量如下:總有機(jī)氣體(TOG)為4.30萬(wàn)噸、VOCs為4.10萬(wàn)噸、甲烷(CH_4)為0.123萬(wàn)噸、甲醛為0.057萬(wàn)噸、乙醛為0.027萬(wàn)噸、丙烯醛為0.004萬(wàn)噸、1,3-丁二烯(C_4H_6)為0.012萬(wàn)噸、苯為0.090萬(wàn)噸,NH_3的年排放量為0.10萬(wàn)噸;c.燃油排放顆粒物0.716萬(wàn)噸,其中PM2.5占48.77%;d.剎車排放顆粒物0.199萬(wàn)噸,其中PM2.5占20.55%;e.輪胎磨損排放顆粒物0.042萬(wàn)噸,其中PM2.5占18.75%;f.交通揚(yáng)塵排放PM2.5為5.440萬(wàn)噸、PM10為22.480萬(wàn)噸。研究表明交通揚(yáng)塵PM年排放量顯著高于機(jī)動(dòng)車PM年排放量。關(guān)中城市群道路移動(dòng)源排放城市分擔(dān)率從高至低依次為西安(~50%),渭南(~23%),咸陽(yáng)(含楊凌)(~12%)、寶雞(~10%)和銅川(~5%)。各車型污染物排放分擔(dān)率差異顯著,燃油PM2.5、PM10和NO_x排放以重型貨車(分別為33.1%、33.61%和33.85%)和中型貨車(分別為21.76%、19.81%和21.21%)為主;剎車和輪胎磨損PM2.5排放以小客車(分別為32.52%和43.33%)和重型貨車(分別為32.05%和20.08%)為主;SO_2、醛類物質(zhì)的重型貨車分擔(dān)率高,分別為~31.31%和~30%;CO、VOCs、1,3-丁二烯、苯和甲烷的排放以小客車(分別為32.86%、17.58%、26.64%、26.45%和38.85%)和摩托車(分別為32.64%、55.67%、43.29%、49.04%和30.97%)為主;NH_3的小客車和重型貨車排放分擔(dān)率分別達(dá)到49.5%和31.31%。(2)結(jié)合GIS技術(shù),利用主干道線源分配方法對(duì)西安市高速路、非高速路、快速路和非快速路4類主干道的道路移動(dòng)源時(shí)空分配進(jìn)行研究,分析污染物的時(shí)空分布特征。研究表明:a.線源污染物排放變化規(guī)律與日車流量變化一致,表現(xiàn)為大部分線源在12點(diǎn)的污染物排放量明顯高于凌晨1點(diǎn),僅交通流量飽和的市區(qū)道路和南北貨運(yùn)通道的小時(shí)變異性不明顯;b.線源排放呈現(xiàn)工作日排放量大于周末排放量;c.市區(qū)范圍內(nèi)的單條線源污染物排放強(qiáng)度總體低于郊區(qū),研究分配的高污染排放線源時(shí)空分布情況與實(shí)際道路污染特征吻合良好。(3)采用面源路網(wǎng)“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)道路長(zhǎng)度”權(quán)重因子法,對(duì)關(guān)中道路移動(dòng)源面源網(wǎng)格排放的時(shí)空分配進(jìn)行研究。本論文分析了NO_x、VOCs、NH_3、甲醛等二次氣溶膠和光化學(xué)煙霧前體物的3×3km分辨率空間分布,并針對(duì)機(jī)動(dòng)車污染嚴(yán)重的西安市建立了1×1km的高分辨率空間分布,以此分析面源網(wǎng)格排放的時(shí)空分布規(guī)律。研究表明:機(jī)動(dòng)車面源網(wǎng)格排放呈現(xiàn)“線-面”特征,形成以西安、咸陽(yáng)(含楊凌)和渭南城區(qū)為核心的污染物高排放區(qū)域,在這些區(qū)域內(nèi)NO_x、VOCs等前體物排放強(qiáng)度高(50噸/年),光化學(xué)煙霧污染形成潛勢(shì)大,向外延伸排放水平逐漸降低,最低強(qiáng)度小于5噸/年;工作日各城市機(jī)動(dòng)車直接排放量較周末高5%左右,其中寶雞市最明顯;面源網(wǎng)格分辨率越高機(jī)動(dòng)車污染排放與地區(qū)道路網(wǎng)的分布愈吻合,但模擬分配速度會(huì)明顯下降。(4)利用MOVES模型對(duì)關(guān)中地區(qū)分別實(shí)施提高油品質(zhì)量、淘汰黃標(biāo)車、使用替代燃料、車輛限行等4種污染物減排策略進(jìn)行效果評(píng)估。模型分析表明:提高燃油質(zhì)量(國(guó)V燃油替代國(guó)Ⅲ燃油)對(duì)SO_2、CO、甲烷和苯等污染物減排效果明顯,年減排量分別達(dá)到3.472萬(wàn)噸、121.993萬(wàn)噸、0.260萬(wàn)噸和0.215萬(wàn)噸,NH_3排放沒有變化,小客車和摩托車各類污染物削減率高;淘汰黃標(biāo)車后燃油排放顆粒物、VOCs、甲醛、苯等污染物削減率較高,在7.99%-23.43%;天然氣作為替代燃料后大型汽油客車NH_3、SO_2、VOCs、甲醛和小客車VOCs等有機(jī)污染物實(shí)現(xiàn)零排放,大型柴油客車的PM2.5減排95%,但總烴(THC)和CO排放增加;交通限行后燃油排放PM、VOCs、甲烷、甲醛、苯等污染物減排效果顯著,在8.51%-20.41%,貨車污染物排放削減率總體高于客車類。針對(duì)減排的目標(biāo)污染物不同,合理組合減排策略可以提高整體減排效果。
[Abstract]:In recent years, because of the serious air pollution in Guanzhong area was included in the national air pollution prevention focus area "Three Zone ten group". On vehicle emissions in Xi'an, Baoji, Tongchuan, Xianyang (including Yangling) and Weinan as the center of the regional air pollution contribution is increasingly significant and seriously affect the sustainable development of the regional economy and the health of the residents. On the other hand, the emission of ammonia (NH_3), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), formaldehyde (HCHO), acrolein (C_3H_4O), benzene (C_6H_6) and other non conventional pollutants are important precursors of photochemical smog and atmospheric aerosols in the city two times, will have a greater harm to the environment and human health, but have not yet attracted enough attention. At present, motor vehicle emissions of unconventional pollutants, high spatial and temporal resolution list of particles is still blank, leading to reduction strategy of the lack of technical support, has affected the atmospheric pollution model The accuracy of regional air pollution emission reduction and control strategy in this paper. Therefore, Guanzhong City Group road mobile source pollutant emission inventory with high spatial and temporal resolution are studied, in order to assess the pollution reduction effect of control strategy. The main contents are as follows: (1) using the MOVES model of motor vehicle conventional pollutants, unconventional pollutants and fuel particles, brake and tire wear particle emission factor, the model parameters for Guanzhong area were studied using a AP-42 model localization correction; Guanzhong traffic dust particulate emission factor. The base year the establishment of Guanzhong City Group road mobile source emissions pollutants in the list to 2012. The results are as follows: A. conventional pollutant emissions are as follows carbon monoxide (CO) is 454 thousand tons, nitrogen oxide (NO_x) is 81 thousand and 900 tons, 4 thousand and 200 tons of sulfur dioxide (SO_2); B. unconventional. The discharge of pollutants are as follows: the total organic gas (TOG) is 43 thousand tons, 41 thousand tons VOCs, methane (CH_4) was 1 thousand and 230 tons, 570 tons of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein is 270 tons, 40 tons, 1,3- butadiene (C_4H_6) for 120 tons of benzene, 900 tons, annual emissions of NH_3 1 thousand tons; C. fuel particle emissions of 7 thousand and 160 tons, which accounted for 48.77% of PM2.5; D. brake particle emission of 1 thousand and 990 tons, which accounted for 20.55% of PM2.5; e. tire wear particle emission of 420 tons, which accounted for 18.75% of PM2.5; f. PM2.5 traffic dust emissions 54 thousand and 400 tons, 224 thousand and 800 tons of PM10. The results show that the traffic dust PM motor vehicle emissions is significantly higher than the annual emissions of PM. Guanzhong City Group road mobile source emission city share rate from high to low in order for Xi'an (~50%), Weinan (~23%), Xianyang (including Yangling) (~12%), Baoji (~ 10%) and Tongchuan (~5%). The rate of poor share the various models of pollutant emission Significant, PM2.5 PM10 and NO_x emissions of fuel, with heavy trucks (respectively 33.1%, 33.61% and 33.85%) and medium truck (respectively 21.76%, 19.81% and 21.21%); the brake and tire wear PM2.5 emissions of small passenger cars (32.52% and 43.33%) and heavy truck (respectively 32.05% and 20.08%). SO_2, the high rate of share; aldehydes heavy trucks were ~31.31% and ~30%; CO, VOCs 1,3-, butadiene, benzene and methane emissions from passenger cars (respectively 32.86%, 17.58%, 26.64%, 26.45% and 38.85%) and motorcycles (32.64%, 55.67%, 43.29%, 49.04% and 30.97%); the rate of reached 49.5% and 31.31%. share NH_3 small passenger car and heavy truck emissions (2) combined with GIS technology, the high speed road of Xi'an city using the trunk line source distribution method, non high speed road, on road mobile sources of spatial and temporal distribution of Expressway and non Expressway 4 main road, pollution analysis The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics. The research results show: A. line source emission changes and daily traffic change is consistent, as most line source pollutant emissions in 12 was significantly higher than 1 in the morning, only the traffic flow saturation of urban roads and the North-South freight channel hour variability is not obvious; B. line source emission work on the weekend than emissions emissions; emission intensity is lower than the overall suburban single line pollutant source C. within the urban area, the distribution of high pollution emission line source spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of pollution are in good agreement with the actual road. (3) using the source network "standard road length" weight factor method, study the temporal and spatial distribution the mobile source emission source grid in Guanzhong road. This paper analyzes the NO_x, VOCs, NH_3, formaldehyde and other two aerosol and photochemical smog precursor 3 x 3km resolution spatial distribution, and for motor Car pollution of Xi'an city established a distribution of high spatial resolution of 1 x 1km, in order to analyze the temporal and spatial distribution of non-point source grid emissions. Research shows that the vehicle emission "non-point source grid line surface features, formed in Xi'an, Xianyang (including Yangling) pollutants as the core and Weinan city high emission area in these areas, NO_x, VOCs and other precursors of high emission intensity (50 tons / year), the photochemical smog formation potential, extending outward emission levels gradually decreased, the minimum strength of less than 5 tons / year; each working day city motor vehicle emissions compared to the weekend high about 5%, of which Baoji city is the most obvious; the distribution of road network the source of the higher resolution grid vehicle emission area is consistent, but the simulated distribution speed will be decreased obviously. (4) using the MOVES model to improve the quality of oil were implemented in Guanzhong area, eliminated yellow car, the use of alternative fuel The material, traffic restrictions and other 4 kinds of pollutant emission reduction strategies for impact assessment. The analysis shows that improving the quality of fuel (V fuel alternative country III fuel) on SO_2, CO, methane and benzene and other pollutants emission reduction effect, emission reduction reached 34 thousand and 720 tons, 1 million 219 thousand and 930 tons, 2 thousand and 600 tons and 2 thousand and 150 tons, NH_3 emissions no change, small passenger cars and motorcycles of various types of pollutant reduction rate is high; the elimination of yellow cars after the fuel particle emission, VOCs, formaldehyde, benzene and other pollutants reduction rate was higher in 7.99%-23.43%; natural gas as alternative fuel gasoline after large Airbus NH_3, SO_2, VOCs, formaldehyde and VOCs passenger cars and other organic pollutants to achieve zero emissions, large diesel passenger PM2.5 emission reduction of 95%, but the total hydrocarbon (THC) and increased CO emission; traffic limit line emission PM fuel, VOCs, methane, formaldehyde, benzene and other pollutants emission reduction effect is remarkable, in 8.51%-20.41%, the truck pollutant emission reduction rate The overall emission reduction strategy can improve the overall emission reduction effect.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：長(zhǎng)安大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：X51;X734

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