清代河南棉花的種植與運(yùn)銷研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-11-19 20:06
【摘要】：棉花原產(chǎn)印度,大約宋元之間,通過(guò)兩條線路傳入中國(guó)。明清兩代統(tǒng)治者認(rèn)識(shí)到棉花為用甚廣,因而在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)大力提倡植棉,棉花的種植區(qū)域、種植面積在不斷的擴(kuò)大。明代的河南,基于方志記載,已有30多個(gè)縣域植棉。清代河南在此基礎(chǔ)上擴(kuò)展到近90個(gè)縣份,約占當(dāng)時(shí)縣級(jí)行政區(qū)劃總數(shù)的85%,前后比對(duì),可以看出清代棉花在哪些地方進(jìn)行了擴(kuò)展。古人在長(zhǎng)期的歷史實(shí)踐中,形成了 一整套關(guān)于棉花種植的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和認(rèn)識(shí),從擇地整地,選種播種,到中耕除草、棉花打心等等,凝結(jié)了古人因地施宜、因時(shí)適宜的智慧。在清末,由于本土的棉花纖維短,不適于機(jī)器紡織,當(dāng)時(shí)有識(shí)之士陸續(xù)從外界傳入美棉等新棉種,并開(kāi)始了本土化的栽培和馴化過(guò)程。棉花不僅為用甚廣,而且是主要的經(jīng)濟(jì)作物,除了自用之外,余部大多通過(guò)各種途徑進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)流通,輾轉(zhuǎn)販運(yùn),調(diào)劑余缺。在鐵路未開(kāi)通以前,河南省的棉花只在有限的范圍內(nèi)流通,東到潁亳,西北入山西的潞澤兩州,西達(dá)陜甘邊墻一帶,主要的運(yùn)銷方向是西向,作為生活資料的調(diào)劑余缺。在近代鐵路開(kāi)通以后,由于新興的近代棉紡織工業(yè)主要分布在沿海,因而大宗的棉化主要向東運(yùn)輸,作為工業(yè)原料向棉花的需求地即各大紗廠所在地運(yùn)銷。通過(guò)明清兩代河南棉花的產(chǎn)地對(duì)比可以發(fā)現(xiàn),清代在明代的基礎(chǔ)上,河南棉花有了較大規(guī)模的擴(kuò)展。而考察清代河南植棉發(fā)展的原因,可以看到清朝中央和地方政府的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)和提倡,河南本身宜于種棉的自然地理環(huán)境,鐵路在傳達(dá)外界需求中的巨大作用和農(nóng)民追求較高經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的驅(qū)動(dòng)以及民族紡織業(yè)團(tuán)體的推動(dòng),正是多種力量的匯聚,使得清代河南棉花植棉業(yè)進(jìn)入了 一個(gè)快速發(fā)展的通道。在清代河南植棉業(yè)自身快速發(fā)展的同時(shí),它也產(chǎn)生了廣泛的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)影響。棉花的種植,不僅提高了棉農(nóng)的收入水平,鞏固了國(guó)家的稅收基礎(chǔ),而且由于其具有較高的經(jīng)濟(jì)收益,對(duì)部分口糧田形成了替代,導(dǎo)致農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)商品化率的提高和棉花種植區(qū)域化的逐漸形成。這些改變不僅加強(qiáng)了河南與外部的經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)系,促使民眾的經(jīng)濟(jì)開(kāi)放意識(shí)提高,而且河南也日益深入的參與到國(guó)內(nèi)國(guó)際兩個(gè)市場(chǎng)中來(lái),日益發(fā)展成內(nèi)棉紡織企業(yè)需求的原棉產(chǎn)地。同時(shí)由于本地植棉業(yè)的發(fā)展,間接催生了本地紗廠的建立、本土棉紡織業(yè)的發(fā)展。這在河南后來(lái)的歷史發(fā)展中,可以得到明證。通過(guò)對(duì)清代河南棉花種植與運(yùn)銷的研究,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)向近代農(nóng)業(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)變,是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期的歷史過(guò)程,是傳統(tǒng)中國(guó)向近代轉(zhuǎn)變的一個(gè)縮影,傳統(tǒng)植棉業(yè)自身發(fā)展到其高峰的同時(shí),開(kāi)啟了向近代轉(zhuǎn)變的進(jìn)程。同時(shí)我們不妨作一大膽的猜想,紡織業(yè)尤其是棉紡織業(yè),由于其和植棉業(yè)的緊密聯(lián)系,本身可以吸納眾多的勞動(dòng)力,適于中國(guó)的國(guó)情,同時(shí)屬于輕工業(yè)所需資本低,很有可能帶領(lǐng)中國(guó)從傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)中突圍出來(lái),發(fā)展到一種新的經(jīng)濟(jì)形態(tài)。
[Abstract]:Cotton originated in India, about between the Song and Yuan dynasties, through two lines into China. The rulers of Ming and Qing dynasties realized that cotton was widely used, so they strongly advocated cotton planting in the whole country. In the Ming Dynasty, Henan, based on local records, has grown cotton in more than 30 counties. On this basis, Henan expanded to nearly 90 counties, accounting for about 85 percent of the total county administrative divisions at that time. Compared with each other, we can see where cotton expanded in Qing Dynasty. In the long historical practice, the ancients formed a whole set of experience and understanding about cotton planting, from land selection, planting and sowing, to middle ploughing and weeding, cotton beating heart, and so on, which condensed the wisdom of the ancients who were suitable for the land and suitable for the time. At the end of Qing Dynasty, due to the short fiber of native cotton, it was not suitable for machine textile. At that time, people of insight introduced American cotton and other new cotton seeds from outside, and began the process of native cultivation and domestication. Cotton is not only widely used, but also a major cash crop. In addition to its own use, most of the remaining parts enter the market through various ways to circulate, trade and adjust. Before the opening of the railway, the cotton of Henan Province was only circulating in a limited range, from east to Yingbo, northwest into the two states of Luze in Shanxi, west of Shanxi-Gansu side wall, the main direction of transportation and sale was westward, which was the surplus and deficiency of the adjustment of the means of living. After the opening of the modern railway, because the new modern cotton textile industry was mainly distributed along the coast, the bulk cotton was mainly transported eastward, which was the place of demand for cotton as a raw material for industry, that is, the place where the major cotton mills were located. By comparing the producing areas of Henan cotton in Ming and Qing dynasties, it can be found that the cotton of Henan Province expanded on a large scale in Qing Dynasty on the basis of Ming Dynasty. By examining the reasons for the development of cotton planting in Henan in the Qing Dynasty, we can see that the central and local governments of the Qing Dynasty rewarded and advocated that Henan itself is suitable for the natural geographical environment of cotton planting. The huge role of railway in conveying external demand, the drive of farmers to pursue higher economic interests, and the promotion of national textile industry groups, is the convergence of various forces, so that Henan cotton and cotton planting industry in Qing Dynasty entered a rapid development channel. With the rapid development of Henan cotton planting industry in Qing Dynasty, it also had a wide social and economic impact. The cultivation of cotton not only raised the income level of cotton farmers and consolidated the tax base of the country, but also replaced some ration fields because of their high economic benefits. It leads to the increase of commercialization rate of agricultural production and the gradual formation of regionalization of cotton planting. These changes not only strengthen the economic relations between Henan and the outside, but also promote the economic opening consciousness of the people, and Henan is more and more involved in the domestic and international two markets, and increasingly developed into the raw cotton production area for the demand of domestic cotton textile enterprises. At the same time, because of the development of local cotton planting industry, the establishment of local yarn mill and the development of native cotton textile industry were promoted indirectly. This in Henan later in the historical development, can get clear proof. Through the study of cotton planting and marketing in Henan Province in Qing Dynasty, we find that the transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture is a long-term historical process and a microcosm of the transformation from traditional China to modern China. The traditional cotton planting industry itself developed to its peak, at the same time, began the process of transformation to modern times. At the same time, we might as well make a bold guess that the textile industry, especially the cotton textile industry, because of its close connection with the cotton planting industry, can itself absorb a large number of labor forces, which are suitable for China's national conditions, and at the same time belong to the low capital requirements of light industry. It is likely to lead China out of the traditional agricultural economy and develop into a new economic form.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：F329;K249
本文編號(hào)：2343296
[Abstract]:Cotton originated in India, about between the Song and Yuan dynasties, through two lines into China. The rulers of Ming and Qing dynasties realized that cotton was widely used, so they strongly advocated cotton planting in the whole country. In the Ming Dynasty, Henan, based on local records, has grown cotton in more than 30 counties. On this basis, Henan expanded to nearly 90 counties, accounting for about 85 percent of the total county administrative divisions at that time. Compared with each other, we can see where cotton expanded in Qing Dynasty. In the long historical practice, the ancients formed a whole set of experience and understanding about cotton planting, from land selection, planting and sowing, to middle ploughing and weeding, cotton beating heart, and so on, which condensed the wisdom of the ancients who were suitable for the land and suitable for the time. At the end of Qing Dynasty, due to the short fiber of native cotton, it was not suitable for machine textile. At that time, people of insight introduced American cotton and other new cotton seeds from outside, and began the process of native cultivation and domestication. Cotton is not only widely used, but also a major cash crop. In addition to its own use, most of the remaining parts enter the market through various ways to circulate, trade and adjust. Before the opening of the railway, the cotton of Henan Province was only circulating in a limited range, from east to Yingbo, northwest into the two states of Luze in Shanxi, west of Shanxi-Gansu side wall, the main direction of transportation and sale was westward, which was the surplus and deficiency of the adjustment of the means of living. After the opening of the modern railway, because the new modern cotton textile industry was mainly distributed along the coast, the bulk cotton was mainly transported eastward, which was the place of demand for cotton as a raw material for industry, that is, the place where the major cotton mills were located. By comparing the producing areas of Henan cotton in Ming and Qing dynasties, it can be found that the cotton of Henan Province expanded on a large scale in Qing Dynasty on the basis of Ming Dynasty. By examining the reasons for the development of cotton planting in Henan in the Qing Dynasty, we can see that the central and local governments of the Qing Dynasty rewarded and advocated that Henan itself is suitable for the natural geographical environment of cotton planting. The huge role of railway in conveying external demand, the drive of farmers to pursue higher economic interests, and the promotion of national textile industry groups, is the convergence of various forces, so that Henan cotton and cotton planting industry in Qing Dynasty entered a rapid development channel. With the rapid development of Henan cotton planting industry in Qing Dynasty, it also had a wide social and economic impact. The cultivation of cotton not only raised the income level of cotton farmers and consolidated the tax base of the country, but also replaced some ration fields because of their high economic benefits. It leads to the increase of commercialization rate of agricultural production and the gradual formation of regionalization of cotton planting. These changes not only strengthen the economic relations between Henan and the outside, but also promote the economic opening consciousness of the people, and Henan is more and more involved in the domestic and international two markets, and increasingly developed into the raw cotton production area for the demand of domestic cotton textile enterprises. At the same time, because of the development of local cotton planting industry, the establishment of local yarn mill and the development of native cotton textile industry were promoted indirectly. This in Henan later in the historical development, can get clear proof. Through the study of cotton planting and marketing in Henan Province in Qing Dynasty, we find that the transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture is a long-term historical process and a microcosm of the transformation from traditional China to modern China. The traditional cotton planting industry itself developed to its peak, at the same time, began the process of transformation to modern times. At the same time, we might as well make a bold guess that the textile industry, especially the cotton textile industry, because of its close connection with the cotton planting industry, can itself absorb a large number of labor forces, which are suitable for China's national conditions, and at the same time belong to the low capital requirements of light industry. It is likely to lead China out of the traditional agricultural economy and develop into a new economic form.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：F329;K249
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