本文選題：農地經營權 + 抵押融資��； 參考：《西北農林科技大學》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：隨著中國經濟步入新常態(tài),農業(yè)現代化和規(guī)�；焖侔l(fā)展,農業(yè)產業(yè)結構不斷調整,農村經濟呈現多元化特征。農戶作為最主要的農業(yè)投資主體,其金融需求正從過去的小額消費融資需求轉向規(guī)�；F代農業(yè)經營主體的生產性融資需求,資金需求愈加旺盛。隨著經濟改革的逐漸深入,中國農地產權制度也被納入“市場”范圍進行重新設計,農村土地承包經營權的財產屬性逐漸被重視,農地經營權抵押融資試點在全國范圍內逐步開展。根據各地試點經驗來看,西北地區(qū)已初步形成了“市場主導、自下而上推動型”(以寧夏同心為代表)和“政府主導、自上而下引導型”(以陜西高陵、楊凌、寧夏平羅為代表)兩種農地經營權抵押融資模式,各地區(qū)試點均運行良好。但由于各地模式操作的多樣化使得農地經營權抵押融資尚未形成“可復制、易推廣、廣覆蓋”的典型模式,各地區(qū)如何提升農地經營權抵押融資效果并合理設計農地經營權抵押融資模式有待進一步研究。本文在梳理國內外有關農地抵押融資研究的基礎上,以制度變遷理論作為指導,以寧夏同心縣、平羅縣為例,歸納總結市場主導型和政府主導型兩種農地經營權抵押融資模式運行現狀、特征。通過實地調研數據從需求方農戶角度實證分析兩種模式下農戶貸款響應、滿意度評價和福利效果變化,從供給方金融機構角度比較兩種模式下農地經營權抵押融資業(yè)務經營效率和客戶經理業(yè)務評價,并將二者結合,綜合比較農地經營權抵押融資業(yè)務的綜合試點效果,分析效果差異的成因以及兩種模式的優(yōu)劣勢和面臨的問題。在以上基礎上,提出提升農地經營權抵押融資試點效果的相關政策建議與對策,以期進一步完善農地經營權抵押融資頂層設計。按照上述邏輯關系,論文研究結論如下:(1)兩種農地經營權抵押融資模式,在當地都具有極高的普及度。從需求側效果差異來看,同心縣市場主導模式下農戶對農地經營權抵押貸款的響應頻次較平羅縣政府主導模式農戶高,同心縣農戶對農地經營權抵押融資的響應頻次是平羅縣農戶的1.2658倍,即在以市場為主導、自下而上推動的農地經營權抵押貸款模式下,農戶對貸款的響應較為積極,且農戶具有多次貸款響應的較多。不同模式下農戶農地經營權抵押貸款響應的影響因素存在差異,戶主性別、戶主年齡、村干部以及農戶貸款經歷是兩地的共同因素,同心模式下戶主具有較高的文化程度和非農業(yè)經營類型的農戶貸款響應較高,平羅模式下農戶家庭勞動力占比和家庭是否有人在銀行任職對農戶農地經營權抵押融資響應影響較大。農戶對農地經營權抵押融資評價較高,評價為“滿意”及以上的農戶占總數的82.8%;其中,平羅模式下農戶評價為滿意以上占比89.7%,而同心模式下占比63.2%。平羅模式較同心模式農戶滿意度評價更高。貸款流程越便捷、貸款估價越高、對產權抵押貸款政策越了解、參與業(yè)務意愿越強以及對貸款資金預期滿足程度越高,農戶的滿意度也會增強。兩種不同模式下,影響農戶滿意度的共同因素有貸款流程及產權抵押政策了解程度。在同心模式下,土地規(guī)模越大、資產估價越高、金融機構服務態(tài)度越好,對抵押貸款政策越了解、貸款的資金滿足度越高,農戶滿意度越高;對于平羅模式下的農戶,貸款經歷對其滿意度評價影響較大,且農戶對抵押融資政策的了解程度越高、抵押貸款業(yè)務的參與意愿越強、貸款資金預期滿足程度越高,農戶滿意度越高,而農地經營權抵押融資業(yè)務的比較優(yōu)勢并不能提高平羅農戶的貸款滿意度。同心模式下,農地經營權抵押貸款僅對于農戶家庭的農業(yè)收入和生產性支出具有顯著的促進作用,而平羅模式下,農地經營權抵押貸款對農戶家庭的農業(yè)收入、非農收入、生產性支出和消費支出的均具有顯著的促進作用。(2)從供給側效果差異來看,金融機構農地經營權抵押融資業(yè)務發(fā)展良好,貸款筆數和貸款規(guī)模均呈現出較大增長,兩地營業(yè)網點財務績效總體較好。同心模式下,農村信用聯社農地經營權抵押融資業(yè)務占總貸款業(yè)務比重較高,平羅模式下該業(yè)務占總貸款業(yè)務比重較低,但同心農地經營權抵押貸款單筆收入較平羅低。運用dea模型對兩地農地經營權抵押融資業(yè)務主辦金融機構業(yè)務效率進行測算,平羅農村商業(yè)銀行近三年開展農地經營權抵押融資業(yè)務的綜合效率值分別為0.965、0.682和0.976,經營效率呈現波動上升。而同心縣農信社經營效率逐步降低,分別為0.943、0.817和0.742。不同模式下金融機構辦理該項業(yè)務的純技術效率和規(guī)模效率也存在差異。就客戶經理業(yè)務評價來看,同心模式較平羅模式客戶經理滿意度評價更高。同心模式下客戶經理的業(yè)務評價主要受到辦理手續(xù)、業(yè)務前景和法律法規(guī)健全程度的正向影響,而平羅模式下客戶經理的業(yè)務評價受到抵押物特征、機構自身特征、地方金融環(huán)境的綜合影響。信用記錄是影響貸款申請人獲批貸款最重要的影響因素,非農收入則是最不重要的因素。在同心縣,信用記錄、農地產出價值、貸款經歷是影響貸款申請人獲批貸款的最重要三種影響因素,而平羅客戶經理則更認可信用記錄、土地經營面積、農地經營權價值這三大因素。(3)運用量表評價方法,對同心、平羅兩地農地經營權抵押融資業(yè)務模式綜合效果進行評分,同心模式綜合效果得分4.016,平羅模式綜合效果得分3.952。整體來看,同心模式綜合效果稍優(yōu)于平羅模式。其中,同心模式需求側效果優(yōu)于平羅模式,而供給側效果稍差。同心模式的優(yōu)勢在于采用了“多戶聯保+抵押”的形式,通過合作社成員互為擔保,違約風險在通過內部機制消化,能夠提高農戶貸款可得性,提高金融機構辦理業(yè)務的積極性。同時,土地經營權流轉合作社內成員間相互了解,也能較好地解決內部問題,農戶的參與積極性能夠得到提升。其弊端在于,貸款額度較小、期限較短,使得貸款對于農戶收入和支出的帶動作用有限,覆蓋面較窄,且缺乏規(guī)范的制度和有序引導,經營效率降低。農地經營權評估價值參差不齊,容易造成農戶與金融機構對抵押物估價認可不同,降低農戶對業(yè)務的滿意度。平羅模式的優(yōu)勢在于政府建立了規(guī)范的農地經營權抵押融資制度體系和配套服務機構,能夠在短時間將業(yè)務推廣并得到有效實施,金融機構辦理業(yè)務操作風險較小,經營效率較高。貸款額度比例按照相關規(guī)定嚴格執(zhí)行,并對大規(guī)模農戶貸款額度適當加大,能夠促進農戶進行農業(yè)再生產和非農業(yè)經營,提高農戶福利。貸款利率相對較低,能大幅提高農戶對業(yè)務的滿意度評價。平羅模式的劣勢在于,這一模式必須以地方財政強有力的資金作為支持,金融機構在農戶違約收回其農地經營權后,難以進行處置變現,金融機構辦理該項業(yè)務的積極性降低,客戶經理對業(yè)務的評價有限。(4)基于以上結論,為進一步優(yōu)化農地經營權抵押融資模式,本文結合不同農地經營權抵押融資模式的優(yōu)劣勢提出提升農地經營權抵押融資效果的政策建議與對策。具體有:修改完善農地經營權抵押貸款相關法律法規(guī),實施有差異化的監(jiān)管政策,明確農地經營權抵押融資業(yè)務定位、有選擇地設立基層合作組織;擴大農地經營權抵押融資知曉度、扶持農戶適度規(guī)模經營、深化客戶管理模式;合理優(yōu)化金融機構資源配置,引導農村金融市場良性競爭,建立農村產權流轉平臺、健全農村產權流轉體系;健全農村征信制度、加大貸款風險防范力度、建立多層次的風險分擔機制。
[Abstract]:With the Chinese economy entering a new normal situation, agricultural modernization and large-scale rapid development, the agricultural industrial structure has been constantly adjusted, and the rural economy has diversified characteristics. As the most important agricultural investment subject, the financial demand of farmers is shifting from the small consumption financing needs of the past to the production financing demand of the modern agricultural management subject. With the gradual deepening of the economic reform, the property rights system of China's agricultural land has been redesigned in the "market" scope, and the property property of the rural land contract management right has been gradually paid attention to. The pilot project of land management right is carried out all over the country. It has preliminarily formed two types of mortgage financing models of "market dominated, bottom-up push" (represented by Ningxia concentric) and "government led, top-down guidance" (represented by Shaanxi Gaoling, Yangling and Ningxia Pingluo), which have run well in all regions. The right mortgage financing has not yet formed a typical model of "replicable, easy to spread, wide coverage". It is necessary to further study how to improve the effect of the mortgage financing of agricultural land management and rationally design the mortgage financing mode of farmland management in each region. Guidance, taking Tongxin County, Ningxia, Pingluo County as an example, summarized and summarized the operation status of two kinds of land management rights mortgage financing mode of market dominated and government dominated farming land. Through the field survey data, the farmers' loan response, the full meaning evaluation and the welfare effect change under the two models were analyzed from the demand side farmers' angle, from the supply side financial machine. This paper compares the operational efficiency of the land management right mortgage financing business operation efficiency and the customer manager's business evaluation under the two modes, and combines the two parties to comprehensively compare the comprehensive experimental results of the mortgage financing business of agricultural land management, analyzes the causes of the difference in effect and the advantages and disadvantages of the two models and the problems facing them. On the basis of the above, the promotion of agriculture is proposed. In order to further improve the top level design of the land management right mortgage financing, the conclusions are as follows: (1) the two kinds of land management rights mortgage financing mode is highly popular in the local area. From the point of view of the difference in demand side effect, Tongxin County Under the market dominated mode, the frequency of farmers' response to land management rights mortgage is more frequent than that of the government dominated farmers in Pingluo County. The frequency of farmers' response to the mortgage financing of farmland management right in Tongxin county is 1.2658 times that of farmers in Pingluo County. The response of the farmers is more positive, and the farmers have more response to the loan. There are different influence factors on the response of farmers' farmland management right under different modes. The gender of the household, the age of the household, the village cadres and the loan experience of the farmers are the common factors. The farmers' response to the type of farmers' loan is higher, and the proportion of household labor force in Pingluo mode and whether the family have people in the bank have great influence on the mortgage financing of farmers' land management rights. The farmers' evaluation of the mortgage financing of the farmland management right is higher, and the evaluation is 82.8% of the total number of farmers' satisfaction and above. The peasant household evaluation is satisfied with the ratio of 89.7% of the above, while the more than the concentric model in the concentric model, the more convenient the loan process is, the higher the loan valuation is, the more understanding of the mortgage loan policy, the stronger the willingness to participate in the business and the higher the expectation of the loan fund, the greater the satisfaction of the farmers. Under the two different modes, the common factors affecting the satisfaction of farmers are the loan process and the understanding of the property right mortgage policy. Under the concentric mode, the larger the land scale, the higher the asset valuation, the better the service attitude of the financial institutions, the better the mortgage loan policy, the higher the satisfaction degree of the loan, the higher the satisfaction of the peasant households; Under the type of farmers, the loan experience has a great influence on the satisfaction evaluation, and the higher the understanding of the mortgage financing policy, the more willing to participate in the mortgage loan business, the higher the satisfaction degree of the loan fund, the higher the satisfaction of the farmers, and the comparative advantage of the mortgage financing business of the land management can not improve the loan of farmers. Under the concentric mode, the mortgage loan of farmland management right has a significant role in promoting the agricultural income and productive expenditure of the household, while in Pingluo model, the mortgage of farmland management right has a significant promotion effect on agricultural income, non agricultural income, productive expenditure and consumption expenditure. (2) In terms of the difference in the supply side effect, the mortgage financing business of the farm land management right is well developed, the loan pen number and the loan scale are all increasing, and the financial performance of the two outlets is generally better. Under the concentric mode, the rural credit cooperatives' land management rights mortgage financing business accounts for a higher proportion of the total loan business. The proportion of business to total loan business is low, but the single income of the mortgage loan is lower than that of the concentric farmland management right. Using the DEA model to calculate the business efficiency of the host financial institutions, the comprehensive efficiency of the rural commercial banks' mortgage financing business in the last three years is 0., respectively. 965,0.682 and 0.976, the operating efficiency has fluctuated. And the operating efficiency of Nong county is gradually reduced. There are also differences in the pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency of the financial institutions under the different modes of 0.943,0.817 and 0.742.. In the concentric mode, the customer manager's business evaluation is mainly affected by the handling procedures, the business prospects and the sound degree of laws and regulations, and the business evaluation of the customer manager under Pingluo mode is affected by the characteristics of the mortgage, the characteristics of the institution, the comprehensive influence of the local financial environment. In Tongxin County, credit record, land output value and loan experience are the three most important factors affecting loan applicant's approved loan, while the three factors of credit record, land management area and land management value are more recognized in Tongxin county. (3) using the scale evaluation method, the comprehensive effect of the mortgage financing business model of the concentric and Pingluo farming land management right is scored, the comprehensive effect score of the concentric model is 4.016, the overall effect score of the Pingluo model is 3.952., the overall effect of the concentric model is slightly better than that of the Pingluo model. The advantage of the supply side is a little worse. The advantage of the concentric model lies in adopting the form of "multi household joint insurance + mortgage", through the mutual guarantee of the cooperative members, the risk of breach of contract is digested through the internal mechanism, which can improve the availability of farmers' loan and improve the enthusiasm of the financial institutions to deal with the business. Mutual understanding can also solve internal problems, and the enthusiasm of farmers can be promoted. The disadvantage is that the loan amount is small and the time limit is short, which makes the loan to the farmers' income and expenditure is limited, the coverage is narrow, and lack of standard system and orderly guidance, the management efficiency is reduced. The value of farmland management is evaluated value. The advantage of Pingluo model is that the government has established a standardized system of mortgage financing system and supporting service institutions for agricultural land management, which can be popularized and effectively implemented in a short time, and the financial institutions handle the industry. The operation risk is small and the operation efficiency is high. The proportion of loan amount is strictly carried out according to the relevant regulations, and the loan amount of large-scale farmers is increased properly, which can promote agricultural reproduction and non agricultural operation and improve the welfare of farmers. The loan interest rate is relatively low, and the satisfaction evaluation of farmers to business can be greatly improved. Pingluo model can be greatly improved. The disadvantage is that this model must be supported by strong local financial funds. Financial institutions are difficult to dispose of the farm land after the farmers have defaulted to recover their land management rights. The enthusiasm of the financial institutions to deal with the business is reduced and the customer manager has limited evaluation on the business. (4) based on the above conclusions, the agricultural land management is further optimized. According to the advantages and disadvantages of the mortgage financing mode of different farmland management rights, this paper puts forward the policy suggestions and Countermeasures to improve the effect of the mortgage and financing of the farmland management right. There is a choice to set up a grass-roots cooperative organization, expand the awareness of the mortgage financing of agricultural land management, support the appropriate scale management of farmers, deepen the mode of customer management, rationally optimize the allocation of resources of financial institutions, guide the benign competition in the rural financial market, establish a flat platform for the transfer of rural property rights, improve the system of rural property right circulation, and improve the rural credit system. We should strengthen loan risk prevention and establish a multi-level risk sharing mechanism.
【學位授予單位】：西北農林科技大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：F321.1;F832.4;F302.6
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本文編號：2038575