發(fā)布時間：2018-04-21 06:22

  本文選題：交易成本 + 制度�。� 參考：《鄭州大學》2006年碩士論文

【摘要】：分工是人類經(jīng)濟生活的一種基本現(xiàn)象，是人類與動物相區(qū)別的重要標志。人類社會中分工的特征不僅在于比動物社會復雜，而且在于分工由簡單到復雜的演進過程。分工在經(jīng)濟增長中的作用在經(jīng)濟學家那里是少有的沒有爭議的命題之一，分工水平常常是衡量一個國家或地區(qū)的生產(chǎn)力水平和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展程度的標志。因此，一個國家經(jīng)濟的落后或停滯可以歸因于分工的不發(fā)達，那么阻礙分工演進的因素是什么? 分工使得個人只專注于某一種或某幾種產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)，而每個人的需求卻是多方面的。生產(chǎn)的單一性與需求的多樣性便是分工的基本矛盾。分工的矛盾使得社會需要某種機制來協(xié)調(diào)分工，協(xié)調(diào)機制有兩種，計劃和交易，交易是最普遍的協(xié)調(diào)方式。而交易是有成本的，由于分工帶來的信息不對稱和交易壟斷，加之個人的機會主義傾向，就需要各種不同的治理機制對交易進行治理，而這些機制的實施是需要成本的，這些成本就是交易成本。 在存在交易成本的情況下，個人做出分工決策的時候要權(quán)衡分工收益和交易成本，所以交易成本影響分工水平。但另一方面，分工也對交易產(chǎn)生影響，分工演進會誘導更高效率的交易方式的出現(xiàn)。因此，分工和交易是相互促進的，，個人的創(chuàng)新活動導致了分工水平的提高和新的交易治理機制的出現(xiàn)，推動著分工與交易共同發(fā)展。這樣，交易成本就被內(nèi)生于分工演進之中。但個人創(chuàng)新卻無法改變分工演進的制度環(huán)境，而不同的制度環(huán)境決定了分工的水平和演進的速度。 分工演進的最優(yōu)制度環(huán)境包括個人創(chuàng)新的自由、產(chǎn)權(quán)得到保護以及自由競爭。但現(xiàn)實中的制度環(huán)境并不是最優(yōu)的。完全的自由經(jīng)濟是不可能存在的，經(jīng)濟發(fā)展離不開政府的介入，而政府和市場的結(jié)合就決定著制度環(huán)境。因此，政府行為的好壞決定了制度的優(yōu)劣，進而對分工演進產(chǎn)生不同的影響。所以說政府既是經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的源泉，又是人為經(jīng)濟衰退的根源。政府與市場有各自不同的特征，也就在不同方面具有優(yōu)勢。為促進分工演進，政府應(yīng)承擔以下職能：明確界定產(chǎn)權(quán)，減少專業(yè)化分工交易協(xié)調(diào)的內(nèi)生交易成本以及交易協(xié)調(diào)失靈的風險；提供公共物品，改良基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，降低產(chǎn)品市場交易的外生交易成本；提供社會保障、實現(xiàn)社會公平目標。而政府并不總是遵循以上職能，政府的不當行為則阻礙著分工演進。
[Abstract]:Division of labor is a basic phenomenon of human economic life and an important symbol of the difference between human beings and animals. The characteristics of division of labor in human society are not only more complicated than animal society, but also the evolution of division of labor from simple to complex. The role of division of labor in economic growth is one of the few undisputed propositions among economists. The level of division of labor is often the symbol of measuring the level of productive forces and the degree of economic development of a country or region. Therefore, the backwardness or stagnation of a country's economy can be attributed to the underdevelopment of the division of labor, so what are the factors that hinder the evolution of the division of labor? Division of labor allows individuals to focus only on the production of one or more products, while each person's needs are manifold. The unity of production and diversity of demand is the basic contradiction of division of labor. The contradiction of division of labor makes the society need some kind of mechanism to coordinate the division of labor. There are two kinds of coordination mechanism, plan and trade, transaction is the most common way of coordination. Because of the asymmetric information and monopoly brought by the division of labor and the opportunistic tendency of individuals, different governance mechanisms are needed to govern the transaction, and the implementation of these mechanisms requires cost. These costs are transaction costs. In the case of transaction cost, the individual should weigh the benefit of division of labor and the cost of transaction when making the decision of division of labor, so transaction cost affects the level of division of labor. On the other hand, the division of labor also has an impact on the transaction, and the evolution of the division of labor will induce the emergence of more efficient trading methods. Therefore, the division of labor and the transaction promote each other, and the individual's innovative activities lead to the improvement of the division of labor and the emergence of a new transaction governance mechanism, and promote the common development of the division of labor and the transaction. In this way, transaction costs are endogenous in the evolution of division of labor. However, individual innovation can not change the institutional environment of division of labor evolution, and different institutional environment determines the level of division of labor and the speed of evolution. The optimal institutional environment for the evolution of division of labor includes freedom of individual innovation, protection of property rights and free competition. But the institutional environment in reality is not optimal. Free economy is impossible to exist, and economic development can not be separated from the intervention of government, and the combination of government and market determines the institutional environment. Therefore, the quality of government behavior determines the merits and demerits of the system, thus exerting different influences on the evolution of division of labor. So the government is not only the source of economic development, but also the root of artificial economic recession. The government and the market have their own different characteristics, so they have advantages in different aspects. To facilitate the evolution of the division of labour, governments should undertake the following functions: clearly defining property rights, reducing the endogenous transaction costs of the coordination of specialized division of labour transactions and the risk of failure in transaction coordination; providing public goods and improving infrastructure, To reduce the exogenous transaction cost of product market, to provide social security, and to achieve the goal of social equity. But the government does not always follow these functions, the improper behavior of the government hinders the evolution of the division of labor.
【學位授予單位】：鄭州大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2006
【分類號】：F091.3

【引證文獻】

相關(guān)碩士學位論文 前1條

1 鈕浩;整車物流資源交換信息平臺組織協(xié)調(diào)機制選擇研究[D];同濟大學;2008年

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