中古時期英國農(nóng)民的經(jīng)濟(jì)思想
發(fā)布時間：2018-07-31 06:32
【摘要】： 任何一個社會的世界觀都包括人們對所有權(quán)和財富的看法,這種看法不僅屬于政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的范疇,而且也包括在思想意識范疇之內(nèi),并引導(dǎo)人們不斷實現(xiàn)自身所追求的經(jīng)濟(jì)目標(biāo)。英國農(nóng)民在追求物質(zhì)財富的同時,逐漸形成和發(fā)展了他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)思想,本文試圖分三個部分對其進(jìn)行分析和論述。 第一部分主要論述中古時期英國農(nóng)民經(jīng)濟(jì)思想的淵源。羅馬統(tǒng)治和日耳曼傳統(tǒng)對中古時期英國農(nóng)民的經(jīng)濟(jì)思想產(chǎn)生了很大影響。羅馬社會強(qiáng)烈的財產(chǎn)意識和經(jīng)濟(jì)觀念,在英格蘭得以傳承和延續(xù)。而日耳曼民族本是游牧民族,在他們的觀念中,牲畜是私有財產(chǎn)的主要形式,因此,日耳曼民族的經(jīng)濟(jì)理念突出地表現(xiàn)在對動產(chǎn)的占有和保護(hù)上。后來,隨著農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展,農(nóng)民對土地的渴望上升,土地逐漸取代牲畜成為最主要的財產(chǎn)形式。并且,他們自古以來就有明確的經(jīng)濟(jì)私有觀念。 第二部分主要從普通法和習(xí)慣法的角度,論述農(nóng)民爭取個人經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)利的意識。由于普通法的保護(hù)對象是自由人及其經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)利,因此,在普通法體制下英國自由民的經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)利受到法律和王室的保護(hù),并且擁有對其財產(chǎn)的處置權(quán)�？梢哉f這與實質(zhì)上的私人財產(chǎn)權(quán)并無本質(zhì)區(qū)別。即便處在社會最底層的維蘭也有一定的經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)利。雖然他們不受普通法的保護(hù),但由于習(xí)慣法在中世紀(jì)英國農(nóng)村的強(qiáng)勢地位,他們可以利用習(xí)慣法的力量維護(hù)自己的經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)利,甚至能夠無阻礙地買賣土地、抵押和雇用牲畜以及隨意處置屬于自己的財產(chǎn)。 第三部分主要論述中古時期英國農(nóng)民經(jīng)濟(jì)思想的發(fā)展趨向。在土地經(jīng)營模式上,由于公地制度下勞動生產(chǎn)率的低下和極大浪費(fèi),農(nóng)民開始通過購買和交換條田的方式將土地集中起來,并加以圈占,從而逐漸形成個人土地所有制。為了追求更大的土地利潤,一些小型莊園的所有者開始利用雇工經(jīng)營,將生產(chǎn)面向市場,逐漸建立起一種新型的經(jīng)濟(jì)組織,從而改變了土地的經(jīng)營模式。正是由于商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和市場的活躍,部分農(nóng)民開始從事與市場密切相關(guān)的非農(nóng)業(yè)性經(jīng)濟(jì)活動,同時,農(nóng)民之間開始進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)交往,并建立起一種橫向的經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)系。以上經(jīng)濟(jì)行為的發(fā)生,表明中古英國農(nóng)民的致富理念開始朝著多元化的方向發(fā)展。 總之,中古時期英國農(nóng)民的經(jīng)濟(jì)思想體現(xiàn)了西方人固有的經(jīng)濟(jì)民主觀、個人主義以及對物質(zhì)財富鍥而不舍的追求精神。
[Abstract]:The world view of any society includes people's views on ownership and wealth, not only in the realm of political economy, but also in the realm of ideology. And guide people to achieve their own economic goals. British farmers have gradually formed and developed their economic thoughts while pursuing material wealth. This paper attempts to analyze and discuss them in three parts. The first part mainly discusses the origin of British peasant economic thought in middle ancient times. Roman rule and Germanic tradition had a great influence on the economic thought of the English peasants in the middle ancient times. The strong sense of property and economy in Roman society was passed on and continued in England. The Germanic nationality is a nomadic nation, in their concept, livestock is the main form of private property, therefore, the economic concept of Germanic nationality is prominently reflected in the possession and protection of movable property. Later, with the development of agricultural production, farmers' desire for land rose, land gradually replaced livestock as the main form of property. And they have had a clear sense of economic private ownership since ancient times. The second part mainly from the common law and the customary law angle, elaborated the farmer to strive for the individual economic right consciousness. Because the common law protects the free person and its economic rights, the economic rights of the English free people are protected by the law and the royal family under the common law system, and they have the right to dispose of their property. It can be said that there is no essential difference between this and the real private property right. Even Veran, at the bottom of society, has some economic rights. Although they were not protected by common law, due to their strong position in medieval English countryside, they could use the power of customary law to defend their economic rights and even to buy and sell land without hindrance. Mortgage and hire livestock and dispose of property that belongs to you at will. The third part mainly discusses the development trend of the British peasant economic thought in the middle ancient times. In the mode of land management, due to the low productivity and great waste of labor under the common land system, farmers began to centralize and occupy the land by buying and exchanging strip fields, thus gradually forming the individual land ownership system. In order to achieve greater land profits, some owners of small manors began to use hired workers to operate, to produce to the market, and gradually set up a new economic organization, thus changing the land management model. It is precisely because of the development of commodity economy and the active market that some farmers begin to engage in non-agricultural economic activities closely related to the market, at the same time, the farmers begin to carry out economic exchanges and establish a horizontal economic relationship. The above economic behavior shows that the medieval British farmers' idea of becoming rich began to develop in the direction of diversification. In a word, the economic thought of the British peasants in the middle ancient times embodied the inherent economic democracy, individualism and the persistent pursuit of material wealth.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：F091.2
[Abstract]:The world view of any society includes people's views on ownership and wealth, not only in the realm of political economy, but also in the realm of ideology. And guide people to achieve their own economic goals. British farmers have gradually formed and developed their economic thoughts while pursuing material wealth. This paper attempts to analyze and discuss them in three parts. The first part mainly discusses the origin of British peasant economic thought in middle ancient times. Roman rule and Germanic tradition had a great influence on the economic thought of the English peasants in the middle ancient times. The strong sense of property and economy in Roman society was passed on and continued in England. The Germanic nationality is a nomadic nation, in their concept, livestock is the main form of private property, therefore, the economic concept of Germanic nationality is prominently reflected in the possession and protection of movable property. Later, with the development of agricultural production, farmers' desire for land rose, land gradually replaced livestock as the main form of property. And they have had a clear sense of economic private ownership since ancient times. The second part mainly from the common law and the customary law angle, elaborated the farmer to strive for the individual economic right consciousness. Because the common law protects the free person and its economic rights, the economic rights of the English free people are protected by the law and the royal family under the common law system, and they have the right to dispose of their property. It can be said that there is no essential difference between this and the real private property right. Even Veran, at the bottom of society, has some economic rights. Although they were not protected by common law, due to their strong position in medieval English countryside, they could use the power of customary law to defend their economic rights and even to buy and sell land without hindrance. Mortgage and hire livestock and dispose of property that belongs to you at will. The third part mainly discusses the development trend of the British peasant economic thought in the middle ancient times. In the mode of land management, due to the low productivity and great waste of labor under the common land system, farmers began to centralize and occupy the land by buying and exchanging strip fields, thus gradually forming the individual land ownership system. In order to achieve greater land profits, some owners of small manors began to use hired workers to operate, to produce to the market, and gradually set up a new economic organization, thus changing the land management model. It is precisely because of the development of commodity economy and the active market that some farmers begin to engage in non-agricultural economic activities closely related to the market, at the same time, the farmers begin to carry out economic exchanges and establish a horizontal economic relationship. The above economic behavior shows that the medieval British farmers' idea of becoming rich began to develop in the direction of diversification. In a word, the economic thought of the British peasants in the middle ancient times embodied the inherent economic democracy, individualism and the persistent pursuit of material wealth.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：F091.2
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
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