準噶爾盆地表生生態(tài)環(huán)境演化及驅(qū)動力分析
發(fā)布時間：2018-11-24 10:18
【摘要】：準噶爾盆地地處我國西北旱區(qū)內(nèi)陸盆地,降雨稀少、蒸發(fā)強烈,屬于典型的生態(tài)環(huán)境脆弱區(qū),其中天山北麓平原綠洲區(qū)是新疆經(jīng)濟文化發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵地域。21世紀以來,在西部大開發(fā)過程中西部旱區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)雖然取得了一定的成果,但局部改善、整體惡化是當前生態(tài)環(huán)境的現(xiàn)狀,生態(tài)環(huán)境問題依然嚴峻。隨著氣候變化和人類活動的不斷增強,特別是對水資源的不合理開發(fā)利用,準噶爾盆地出現(xiàn)了天然植被退化、土壤鹽漬化、土地沙化、湖泊濕地萎縮等生態(tài)環(huán)境退化現(xiàn)象,此類生態(tài)環(huán)境問題嚴重威脅區(qū)域生態(tài)安全和經(jīng)濟社會的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。因此,開展生態(tài)環(huán)境演化及驅(qū)動機制研究,探究區(qū)域水循環(huán)與生態(tài)環(huán)境的關(guān)系,為實現(xiàn)水資源開發(fā)利用與生態(tài)環(huán)境的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展具有重要的理論價值和現(xiàn)實意義。論文以旱區(qū)水資源形成轉(zhuǎn)化與表生生態(tài)環(huán)境關(guān)系為主線,基于LUCC理論、RS與GIS技術(shù),深入分析了準噶爾盆地水循環(huán)與生態(tài)系統(tǒng)間的相互作用機理,系統(tǒng)研究了準噶爾盆地表生生態(tài)環(huán)境演化及生態(tài)環(huán)境問題,定量分析了表生生態(tài)環(huán)境演化的驅(qū)動機制,構(gòu)建了基于地下水的表生生態(tài)環(huán)境評價體系。主要研究成果如下:(1)通過研究地下水循環(huán)演化與表生生態(tài)環(huán)境的關(guān)系,得出地下水狀態(tài)對典型流域平原區(qū)表生生態(tài)環(huán)境具有控制作用,不同類型的植被生長指標與地下水位埋深、包氣帶土壤含水量、包氣帶土壤含鹽量均呈對數(shù)關(guān)系,地下水位埋深對包氣帶土壤含水量和含鹽量具有控制作用,由此構(gòu)建了以地下水狀態(tài)變量為基礎(chǔ)的面向表生生態(tài)環(huán)境安全的多維臨界標識指標體系。(2)基于旱區(qū)特征和水資源形成演化規(guī)律,以地下水循環(huán)演化與表生生態(tài)環(huán)境的關(guān)系為主線,將研究區(qū)劃分為山地、人工綠洲、天然綠洲、天然水域和荒漠五大生態(tài)系統(tǒng)類型。基于遙感解譯和LUCC理論系統(tǒng)分析了準噶爾盆地表生態(tài)環(huán)境格局—動態(tài)—演化特征:荒漠和山地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是盆地的背景和基質(zhì),盆地生態(tài)環(huán)境總體極為脆弱。近40年來,荒漠生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的面積逐漸減少,人工綠洲生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的面積逐漸增加,天然綠洲生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的面積呈弱減少趨勢,天然水域生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的面積略有減少。通過土地利用程度、土地利用動態(tài)度和土地利用轉(zhuǎn)移矩陣分析可知:研究區(qū)土地利用程度總體增大,耕地和建設(shè)用地的面積增加,在人類活動影響下水資源利用量增加;永久性冰川雪地、山區(qū)林草地面積均呈減少趨勢,說明準噶爾盆地水資源總量減少,水資源涵養(yǎng)能力呈下降趨勢。(3)基于AVHRR-NDVI和MODIS-NDVI數(shù)據(jù),利用最大值合成和時間序列數(shù)據(jù)重建技術(shù)獲得研究區(qū)不同尺度的植被指數(shù)時間序列數(shù)據(jù),采用均值、標準差和線性趨勢法對準噶爾盆地和天山北麓植被覆蓋變化進行不同時空尺度的研究,其總體特征為:(1)盆地尺度上:NDVI均值為0.158,NDVI小于0.2的面積占研究區(qū)總面積的43.8%,盆地整體植被覆蓋度低,生態(tài)環(huán)境脆弱。1982-2006年植被指數(shù)年際變化幅度為0.0004/a,呈弱增加趨勢。由NDVI空間變化分析可知,天山北麓平原區(qū)和戈壁帶多年NDVI標準差均較大,屬于生態(tài)環(huán)境強和較強敏感區(qū),平原區(qū)多年植被指數(shù)呈顯著增加趨勢;山前戈壁帶多年植被指數(shù)呈顯著較少趨勢,天山高山區(qū)植被指數(shù)呈增加趨勢。(2)2001-2010年準噶爾盆地重點地段,即生態(tài)環(huán)境敏感區(qū)NDVI年際變化幅度為29.336/a,植被覆蓋整體上是逐年增加的;植被極度增加的地區(qū)主要集中在農(nóng)田植被區(qū);植被減少區(qū)主要集中在中低山區(qū)的戈壁等稀疏植被地區(qū);植被極度減少主要集中在濕地及水體邊緣區(qū)。(4)基于天山北麓DEM數(shù)據(jù)、氣象數(shù)據(jù)、地下水位埋深數(shù)據(jù)、土地利用類型、人口及GDP數(shù)據(jù),采用空間分析和統(tǒng)計分析方法,對天山北麓植被覆蓋變化的驅(qū)動力進行系統(tǒng)分析,天山北麓植被覆蓋及其變化存在著明顯的垂直分異特性。地質(zhì)地貌因素控制著天山北麓表生生態(tài)環(huán)境的基本格局,氣候變化、地下水狀態(tài)和人類活動是天山北麓表生態(tài)環(huán)境在時間尺度上變化的主要驅(qū)動因素。在海拔大于700m的區(qū)域植被覆蓋變化受坡度、坡向、降水和氣溫等自然因素的影響較大,而在海拔小于700m的平原綠洲區(qū)植被覆蓋受土地利用類型、地下水位埋深、人口及經(jīng)濟因素的共同影響較大,而此類因素的變化來源于人類對水土資源的開發(fā)利用。(5)基于地下水的生態(tài)功能,構(gòu)建了基于地下水動態(tài)的天山北麓表生生態(tài)環(huán)境評價指標體系,采用層次分析法對天山北麓平原區(qū)表生生態(tài)環(huán)境進行評價與預(yù)測,結(jié)果表明以現(xiàn)狀條件開采地下水,研究區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境呈嚴重惡化趨勢�；谏鷳B(tài)環(huán)境約束條件,設(shè)計現(xiàn)狀水利工程條件下的調(diào)控方案(A)和跨流域引水條件下的調(diào)控方案(B),經(jīng)預(yù)測結(jié)果對比分析可知:方案B有助于維持天然河道的生態(tài)環(huán)境和地下水系統(tǒng)的動態(tài)平衡,優(yōu)于方案A。
[Abstract]:The Quasi-Err Basin is located in the inland basin of the dry land in the northwest of China. The rainfall is rare and the evaporation is strong. It is a typical ecological environment fragile area, in which the oasis area of the northern foot of the Tianshan is the key region of the economic and cultural development of Xinjiang. Since the 21st century, Although the construction of the ecological environment in the arid region of the western part of the western region has achieved some achievements, the local improvement and the overall deterioration are the present situation of the present ecological environment, and the ecological environment problem is still serious. With the continuous enhancement of climate change and human activities, especially the irrational exploitation and utilization of water resources, the quasi-Niger basin has the phenomena of natural vegetation degradation, soil salinization, land desertification, and lake wetland atrophy. Such ecological environment problems are a serious threat to the regional ecological security and the sustainable development of the economy and society. Therefore, the research of the ecological environment evolution and the driving mechanism is carried out, and the relationship between the regional water circulation and the ecological environment is explored, which is of great theoretical value and practical significance in order to realize the harmonious development of the development and utilization of the water resources and the ecological environment. Based on the LUCC theory, RS and GIS, the mechanism of the interaction between the water circulation and the ecosystem of the Zhilerian basin is analyzed, and the ecological environment and the ecological environment are studied. The driving mechanism of the ecological environment evolution of the table was quantitatively analyzed, and the evaluation system of the ecological environment based on the groundwater was constructed. The main research results are as follows: (1) Through the study of the relationship between the groundwater circulation evolution and the ecological environment of the water table, it is concluded that the groundwater status has the control effect on the ecological environment of the normal plain area of the typical river basin, and the different types of vegetation growth indexes and the groundwater level are buried deep, and the water content of the soil water in the bag gas zone, The soil salt content of the bag gas zone is in a logarithmic relation, and the buried depth of the groundwater level has a controlling effect on the water content and the salt content of the soil in the bag gas zone, thereby constructing a multi-dimensional critical identification index system which is based on the underground water state variable as the safe environment-oriented ecological environment. (2) Based on the characteristics of the dry area and the law of the evolution of the water resources, the relationship between the groundwater circulation evolution and the ecological environment of the table is the main line, and the research area is divided into five types of ecosystem types in the mountain, the artificial oasis, the natural oasis, the natural water area and the desert. Based on the remote sensing interpretation and the LUCC theory, the dynamic and dynamic evolution of the basin's ecological environment pattern is analyzed systematically: the desert and the mountain ecosystem are the background and the matrix of the basin, and the ecological environment of the basin is extremely fragile. In the last 40 years, the area of the desert ecosystem is gradually reduced, the area of the artificial oasis ecosystem is gradually increased, the area of the natural oasis ecosystem is slightly reduced, and the area of the natural water area ecosystem is slightly reduced. Through the analysis of the land use degree, the land use dynamic attitude and the land use transfer matrix, the land use degree of the research area is increased, the area of the cultivated land and the construction land is increased, the utilization amount of the water resources is increased under the influence of the human activity, and the permanent glacier snow, The area of grassland in the mountain area is decreasing, which indicates that the total amount of water resources in the quasi-Err Basin is reduced, and the water resource conservation ability is decreasing. and (3) based on the AVHRR-NDVI and the MODIS-NDVI data, obtaining the vegetation index time series data of different scales of the research area by using the maximum synthesis and time sequence data reconstruction technology, and adopting a mean value, The standard deviation and the linear trend method are used to study the changes of vegetation cover in the quasi-Err basin and the northern part of the Tianshan Mountains. The overall characteristics are: (1) basin scale: the mean NDVI is 0.158, and the NDVI is less than 0.2, the area of the total area of the study area is 43.8%, and the overall vegetation coverage of the basin is low. The index of vegetation index in 1982-2006 was 0. 0004/ a. The NDVI spatial variation analysis shows that the standard deviation of the NDVI of the plain and the Gobi in the northern piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains is large, and it is the strong and sensitive area of the ecological environment. The vegetation index in the plain area has a significant increase in the multi-year vegetation index. The vegetation index of the high mountain area in the Tianshan Mountains is increasing. (2) In 2001-2010, the key section of the Zhilerian basin, that is, the inter-annual change of the NDVI in the sensitive area of the ecological environment is 293.336/ a, and the vegetation cover is increasing year by year; the area with the extreme increase of the vegetation is mainly concentrated in the field vegetation area; The vegetation reduction area is mainly concentrated in the sparse vegetation areas such as the Gobi and the like in the middle and low mountain areas; the vegetation is extremely reduced mainly in the wetland and the water body edge area. (4) Based on the DEM data, the meteorological data, the buried depth data of the groundwater level, the type of land use, the data of the population and the GDP, the spatial analysis and the statistical analysis method are adopted to analyze the driving force of the vegetation cover change of the northern foot of the Tianshan, The vegetation cover and its change in the northern part of the Tianshan Mountains have obvious vertical and different characteristics. The geological and geomorphological factors control the basic pattern of the ecological environment in the northern piedmont of the Tianshan. The main driving factors of the change of the ecological environment on the time scale are the climate change, the groundwater status and the human activity. In the area with the elevation greater than 700m, the vegetation cover change is affected by the natural factors such as the slope, the slope, the precipitation and the air temperature, while the vegetation cover of the plain oasis area with the elevation of less than 700m is affected by the land use type, the buried depth of the groundwater level, the population and the economic factors, The change of these factors is derived from the development and utilization of human resources. (5) Based on the ecological function of the groundwater, the evaluation index system of the ecological environment of the northern piedmont of the Tianshan mountain is constructed based on the groundwater dynamic, and the ecological environment of the Pingyuan area of the northern part of the Tianshan Mountains is evaluated and predicted by the analytic hierarchy process. The results show that the groundwater is mined in the condition of the present condition. The ecological environment in the study area is a serious trend. Based on the ecological environment constraint conditions, the control scheme (A) under the condition of the current water conservancy project and the control scheme (B) under the water diversion condition of the river basin are designed, and the comparison and analysis of the predicted results shows that the scheme B can help to maintain the dynamic balance of the ecological environment and the underground water system of the natural river channel, is superior to scheme a.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：長安大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：X171
本文編號：2353300
[Abstract]:The Quasi-Err Basin is located in the inland basin of the dry land in the northwest of China. The rainfall is rare and the evaporation is strong. It is a typical ecological environment fragile area, in which the oasis area of the northern foot of the Tianshan is the key region of the economic and cultural development of Xinjiang. Since the 21st century, Although the construction of the ecological environment in the arid region of the western part of the western region has achieved some achievements, the local improvement and the overall deterioration are the present situation of the present ecological environment, and the ecological environment problem is still serious. With the continuous enhancement of climate change and human activities, especially the irrational exploitation and utilization of water resources, the quasi-Niger basin has the phenomena of natural vegetation degradation, soil salinization, land desertification, and lake wetland atrophy. Such ecological environment problems are a serious threat to the regional ecological security and the sustainable development of the economy and society. Therefore, the research of the ecological environment evolution and the driving mechanism is carried out, and the relationship between the regional water circulation and the ecological environment is explored, which is of great theoretical value and practical significance in order to realize the harmonious development of the development and utilization of the water resources and the ecological environment. Based on the LUCC theory, RS and GIS, the mechanism of the interaction between the water circulation and the ecosystem of the Zhilerian basin is analyzed, and the ecological environment and the ecological environment are studied. The driving mechanism of the ecological environment evolution of the table was quantitatively analyzed, and the evaluation system of the ecological environment based on the groundwater was constructed. The main research results are as follows: (1) Through the study of the relationship between the groundwater circulation evolution and the ecological environment of the water table, it is concluded that the groundwater status has the control effect on the ecological environment of the normal plain area of the typical river basin, and the different types of vegetation growth indexes and the groundwater level are buried deep, and the water content of the soil water in the bag gas zone, The soil salt content of the bag gas zone is in a logarithmic relation, and the buried depth of the groundwater level has a controlling effect on the water content and the salt content of the soil in the bag gas zone, thereby constructing a multi-dimensional critical identification index system which is based on the underground water state variable as the safe environment-oriented ecological environment. (2) Based on the characteristics of the dry area and the law of the evolution of the water resources, the relationship between the groundwater circulation evolution and the ecological environment of the table is the main line, and the research area is divided into five types of ecosystem types in the mountain, the artificial oasis, the natural oasis, the natural water area and the desert. Based on the remote sensing interpretation and the LUCC theory, the dynamic and dynamic evolution of the basin's ecological environment pattern is analyzed systematically: the desert and the mountain ecosystem are the background and the matrix of the basin, and the ecological environment of the basin is extremely fragile. In the last 40 years, the area of the desert ecosystem is gradually reduced, the area of the artificial oasis ecosystem is gradually increased, the area of the natural oasis ecosystem is slightly reduced, and the area of the natural water area ecosystem is slightly reduced. Through the analysis of the land use degree, the land use dynamic attitude and the land use transfer matrix, the land use degree of the research area is increased, the area of the cultivated land and the construction land is increased, the utilization amount of the water resources is increased under the influence of the human activity, and the permanent glacier snow, The area of grassland in the mountain area is decreasing, which indicates that the total amount of water resources in the quasi-Err Basin is reduced, and the water resource conservation ability is decreasing. and (3) based on the AVHRR-NDVI and the MODIS-NDVI data, obtaining the vegetation index time series data of different scales of the research area by using the maximum synthesis and time sequence data reconstruction technology, and adopting a mean value, The standard deviation and the linear trend method are used to study the changes of vegetation cover in the quasi-Err basin and the northern part of the Tianshan Mountains. The overall characteristics are: (1) basin scale: the mean NDVI is 0.158, and the NDVI is less than 0.2, the area of the total area of the study area is 43.8%, and the overall vegetation coverage of the basin is low. The index of vegetation index in 1982-2006 was 0. 0004/ a. The NDVI spatial variation analysis shows that the standard deviation of the NDVI of the plain and the Gobi in the northern piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains is large, and it is the strong and sensitive area of the ecological environment. The vegetation index in the plain area has a significant increase in the multi-year vegetation index. The vegetation index of the high mountain area in the Tianshan Mountains is increasing. (2) In 2001-2010, the key section of the Zhilerian basin, that is, the inter-annual change of the NDVI in the sensitive area of the ecological environment is 293.336/ a, and the vegetation cover is increasing year by year; the area with the extreme increase of the vegetation is mainly concentrated in the field vegetation area; The vegetation reduction area is mainly concentrated in the sparse vegetation areas such as the Gobi and the like in the middle and low mountain areas; the vegetation is extremely reduced mainly in the wetland and the water body edge area. (4) Based on the DEM data, the meteorological data, the buried depth data of the groundwater level, the type of land use, the data of the population and the GDP, the spatial analysis and the statistical analysis method are adopted to analyze the driving force of the vegetation cover change of the northern foot of the Tianshan, The vegetation cover and its change in the northern part of the Tianshan Mountains have obvious vertical and different characteristics. The geological and geomorphological factors control the basic pattern of the ecological environment in the northern piedmont of the Tianshan. The main driving factors of the change of the ecological environment on the time scale are the climate change, the groundwater status and the human activity. In the area with the elevation greater than 700m, the vegetation cover change is affected by the natural factors such as the slope, the slope, the precipitation and the air temperature, while the vegetation cover of the plain oasis area with the elevation of less than 700m is affected by the land use type, the buried depth of the groundwater level, the population and the economic factors, The change of these factors is derived from the development and utilization of human resources. (5) Based on the ecological function of the groundwater, the evaluation index system of the ecological environment of the northern piedmont of the Tianshan mountain is constructed based on the groundwater dynamic, and the ecological environment of the Pingyuan area of the northern part of the Tianshan Mountains is evaluated and predicted by the analytic hierarchy process. The results show that the groundwater is mined in the condition of the present condition. The ecological environment in the study area is a serious trend. Based on the ecological environment constraint conditions, the control scheme (A) under the condition of the current water conservancy project and the control scheme (B) under the water diversion condition of the river basin are designed, and the comparison and analysis of the predicted results shows that the scheme B can help to maintain the dynamic balance of the ecological environment and the underground water system of the natural river channel, is superior to scheme a.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：長安大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：X171
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