錫林郭勒露天煤礦區(qū)土壤重金屬分布特征與植被恢復研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-07-31 07:47
【摘要】：露天煤礦對干旱、半干旱地區(qū)原本脆弱的草地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)造成了巨大干擾。其開采過程中大量剝離廢棄物所形成的眾多排土場,不僅占壓草原和破壞草原植被,且未經(jīng)處理的排土場在雨水和風力作用下,導致礦區(qū)水土流失加劇,造成周邊草原生態(tài)與環(huán)境質量下降。煤炭開采區(qū)生態(tài)與環(huán)境問題已成為區(qū)域經(jīng)濟可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重大問題之一。其中,準確了解礦區(qū)周邊土壤重金屬的污染狀況與積累特征,對排土場進行植被恢復與重建,是防治礦區(qū)土壤重金屬污染的基礎,也是緩解礦區(qū)生態(tài)壓力和解決環(huán)境問題的關鍵。因此,針對典型草原露天煤礦區(qū)進行土壤重金屬污染特征和植被恢復研究,可為露天煤礦區(qū)土壤重金屬防治和草原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供科學理論依據(jù),同時對促進國民經(jīng)濟又好又快健康發(fā)展具有重要意義。以錫林郭勒典型草原勝利煤田西一號和西二號露天礦為研究對象,采用樣帶野外取樣和室內(nèi)分析相結合的方法,以礦區(qū)為中心,向東、南、西和北,以及東北、東南和西南7個輻射方向各設置1條研究樣帶,并根據(jù)礦區(qū)實際情況,在礦區(qū)東向樣帶上,距礦區(qū)外圍邊界0km、0.5km、1km、2km和4km處各設置1個調(diào)查樣地,在其余6個方向樣帶上,距礦區(qū)外邊界0km、0.5km、1km、2km、4km、6km和8km處各設置1個調(diào)查樣地。此外,在南向、西向和北向3條樣線上的10km處增設調(diào)查樣地,作為對照樣地。2014年7-9月,在預先設置的樣地上調(diào)查群落特征,并采集表層土樣(0～10cm)。測定其鉻(Cr)、銅(Cu)、錳(Mn)、鎳(Ni)、鋅(Zn)和鉛(Pb)6種重金屬元素的含量,綜合運用多元統(tǒng)計分析法、GIS空間分析法、地統(tǒng)計學克里金插值法等分析方法,對礦區(qū)土壤重金屬含量的空間分布、遷移擴散規(guī)律以及煤礦開采對典型草原土壤重金屬影響范圍進行了研究。同時,以國家土壤環(huán)境質量二級標準和內(nèi)蒙古土壤背景值為基準,采用單因子指數(shù)法、內(nèi)梅羅綜合指數(shù)法、地積累指數(shù)法定量地評價了典型草原露天煤礦區(qū)周圍土壤重金屬污染現(xiàn)狀,并采用潛在生態(tài)風險評價方法對試驗區(qū)生態(tài)風險等級及其空間分布格局進行了研究。2015年7-9月,在露天煤礦外排土場生物笆植被恢復區(qū)和無生物笆植被恢復區(qū),分別選擇已恢復1年和5年的樣地,進行植被群落特征調(diào)查,并采集表層土樣,測定其重金屬含量和養(yǎng)分含量(有機質、堿解氮、速效磷和速效鉀),以分析不同植被恢復措施對土壤重金屬含量、植被狀況和土壤理化狀況的影響。主要研究結果如下：(1)露天煤礦開采對周圍土壤重金屬空間分布有顯著影響,其影響程度和范圍受多種因素控制。土壤重金屬元素含量、單因子污染指數(shù)、內(nèi)梅羅綜合污染指數(shù)和綜合潛在生態(tài)風險指數(shù)在礦區(qū)中心處最高,并向四周逐漸降低。(2)礦區(qū)東北方向樣帶,土壤重金屬含量高于內(nèi)蒙古背景值,其所有采樣點的綜合污染指數(shù)和潛在生態(tài)風險指數(shù)都達到輕污染和中度生態(tài)危害等級。(3)以內(nèi)蒙古土壤背景值為參比值,典型草原露天煤礦周圍0.5km范圍內(nèi)土壤重金屬含量均超過背景值；就綜合污染指數(shù)和潛在生態(tài)風險指數(shù)而言,礦區(qū)開采對西向和南向的影響范圍為2km,對東向和北向的影響范圍可達4km。(4)以國家土壤環(huán)境質量二級標準為基準,典型草原露天煤礦區(qū)土壤Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Zn和Pb 6種重金屬總體上屬于清潔水平；以內(nèi)蒙古土壤背景值為基準,單因子污染指數(shù)表明重金屬Cu為輕污染水平,其余5種重金屬元素為清潔水平,但距礦區(qū)0.5km內(nèi)樣點達到輕污染水平；內(nèi)梅羅綜合污染指數(shù)表明礦區(qū)周圍土壤整體屬于輕污染等級；地積累指數(shù)法表明露天煤礦區(qū)周圍土壤重金屬屬于無污染水平。以10km對照樣點為基準的潛在生態(tài)風險指數(shù)法表明,研究區(qū)土壤最高污染水平為中度生態(tài)危害等級,大部分區(qū)域處于輕度生態(tài)危害等級。(5)統(tǒng)計分析(相關分析、主成分分析和聚類分析)結果表明,典型草原礦區(qū)周圍土壤重金屬Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni和Zn來源相同,而Pb則有單獨來源。(6)隨著礦區(qū)植被恢復措施年限的增加,群落中物種數(shù)和多樣性指數(shù)均逐漸增多(高)。一、二年生植物種所占比例減小,其生物量所占比例下降；多年生雜類草和灌木類逐漸成為優(yōu)勢植物種,具有較高物種多樣性,在群落生物量中所占近70%。(7)露天煤礦排放的廢棄土,隨著在外暴露時間的增加,其重金屬含量有增加趨勢；采用人工種植植物的植被恢復技術方法,可增加土壤有機質、堿解氮、速效磷和速效鉀的含量,并隨著恢復年限的增加有顯著提高,植被恢復措施可顯著降低土壤中重金屬含量(Pb除外)(p0.05)。植被恢復5年后重金屬含量可達到礦區(qū)周圍10km處水平,其中,生物笆植被恢復方法效果更為顯著。
[Abstract]:The open-pit coal mine has caused great disturbance to the original fragile grassland ecosystem in arid and semi-arid areas. In the process of mining, a large number of dumps formed by the stripping of waste are not only occupied by the grassland and the grassland vegetation, but the soil and water loss in the mining area is aggravated by the rain and wind in the untreated dump. The ecological and environmental quality of grassland is declining. The ecological and environmental problems in the coal mining area have become one of the major problems in the sustainable development of the regional economy. It is the basis for the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in the mining area, as well as the accurate understanding of the pollution and accumulation of heavy metals in the soil surrounding the mining area and the restoration and reconstruction of the vegetation. In order to alleviate the ecological pressure and solve the environmental problems in the mining area, the study on the characteristics of soil heavy metal pollution and the restoration of the vegetation in the typical open-pit coal mine area can provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of soil heavy metals and the sustainable development of the grassland ecosystem in the open pit coal mine area, at the same time, it can also promote the good and fast health of the national economy. The development is of great significance. Taking the XII and XII two open-pit mine of Shengli Coalfield of xilingogle as the research object, using the method of combining field sampling and indoor analysis, 1 research samples are set up in 7 radiation directions of East, South, West and North, northeast, Southeast and southwest, and according to the practice of mining area. On the east side of the mining area, 1 survey samples were set up at the periphery of the mining area 0km, 0.5km, 1km, 2km and 4km. On the other 6 direction samples, 1 survey samples were set up from the outer boundary 0km, 0.5km, 1km, 2km, 4km, 6km and 8km. Furthermore, the investigation plots were added to the 3 lines of southward, West and north as control. In 7-9 months of.2014, the characteristics of the community were investigated on the pre set plots and the surface soil samples were collected (0 ~ 10cm). The contents of 6 kinds of heavy metal elements, such as chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb), were measured, and the analysis methods such as multivariate statistical analysis, GIS spatial analysis and geostatistical Kriging interpolation were applied to the mining area. The spatial distribution of heavy metal content, the law of migration and diffusion and the influence of coal mining on heavy metals in typical grassland soil are studied. At the same time, the single factor index method, Nemero comprehensive index method, and the land accumulation index method are used to evaluate the soil environmental quality of the typical grassland soil by the two grade standard of the national soil environmental quality and the soil background value of Inner Mongolia. The current situation of heavy metal pollution in the soil around the typical prairie open coal mine area, and using the potential ecological risk assessment method to study the ecological risk grade and its spatial distribution pattern in the experimental area for the 7-9 month of.2015 years, in the restoration area of the biologic fence vegetation in the outer dumping ground and the restoration area of the non biologically barred vegetation in the outside of the open pit coal mine, the selection has been restored for 1 years and 5 years respectively. The characteristics of the vegetation community were investigated, and the surface soil samples were collected and the contents of heavy metals and nutrients (organic matter, alkali hydrolysable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium) were measured to analyze the effects of different vegetation restoration measures on the heavy metal content, vegetation status and the physical and chemical conditions of soil. The main results are as follows: (1) mining in open pit coal mine The spatial distribution of heavy metals in the surrounding soil has a significant influence, and the extent and extent of its influence are controlled by a variety of factors. The content of heavy metals in the soil, the index of single factor pollution, the Nemero comprehensive pollution index and the comprehensive potential ecological risk index are the highest in the center of the mining area, and gradually reduce to the four sides. (2) the northeast direction of the mining area and the heavy metal in the soil The content of the comprehensive pollution index and the potential ecological risk index of all the sampling points reached the level of light pollution and moderate ecological hazard. (3) the soil heavy metal content in the 0.5km range around the typical prairie open coal mine was higher than the background value, and the comprehensive pollution index and the potential of the latent energy were above the background value. (3) the soil background value of the Inner Mongolia soil was more than the background value. In terms of ecological risk index, the influence of mining mining on West and south direction is 2km, and the influence range of East and north direction can reach 4km. (4) based on national standard of two grade soil environmental quality. The soil Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn and Pb of typical prairie open coal mine area belong to the clean level, and the soil background value of Inner Mongolia is in the background value. The single factor pollution index indicates that heavy metal Cu is a light pollution level, the other 5 kinds of heavy metals are clean level, but it reaches the level of light pollution from the 0.5km sample in the mining area, and the comprehensive pollution index of inner Melo indicates that the soil around the mining area is a light pollution grade, and the soil accumulation index method shows the heavy metals around the open coal mine area. The potential ecological risk index method based on the 10km control point showed that the highest level of soil pollution in the study area was moderate ecological hazard grade and most of the region was in the mild ecological hazard grade. (5) statistical analysis (correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis) showed that the soil around the typical steppe mining area The sources of Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn were the same, and Pb had a separate source. (6) the number of species and diversity index increased gradually (high) with the increase of vegetation restoration measures in the mining area. First, the proportion of the biennial plants decreased, the proportion of their biomass decreased, and the perennial grasses and shrubs gradually became dominant plant species. With the higher species diversity, the waste soil, which is nearly 70%. (7) in the community biomass, has increased the heavy metal content with the increase of external exposure time, and the method of vegetation restoration by artificial plants can increase the content of soil organic matter, alkali hydrolysable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium. The heavy metal content in the soil was significantly reduced (except Pb) (P0.05). The heavy metal content could reach the level of 10km around the mining area after 5 years of vegetation restoration, among which the effect of the restoration method of the vegetation was more significant.
【學位授予單位】：內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：X53;X752;X173
本文編號：2154908
[Abstract]:The open-pit coal mine has caused great disturbance to the original fragile grassland ecosystem in arid and semi-arid areas. In the process of mining, a large number of dumps formed by the stripping of waste are not only occupied by the grassland and the grassland vegetation, but the soil and water loss in the mining area is aggravated by the rain and wind in the untreated dump. The ecological and environmental quality of grassland is declining. The ecological and environmental problems in the coal mining area have become one of the major problems in the sustainable development of the regional economy. It is the basis for the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in the mining area, as well as the accurate understanding of the pollution and accumulation of heavy metals in the soil surrounding the mining area and the restoration and reconstruction of the vegetation. In order to alleviate the ecological pressure and solve the environmental problems in the mining area, the study on the characteristics of soil heavy metal pollution and the restoration of the vegetation in the typical open-pit coal mine area can provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of soil heavy metals and the sustainable development of the grassland ecosystem in the open pit coal mine area, at the same time, it can also promote the good and fast health of the national economy. The development is of great significance. Taking the XII and XII two open-pit mine of Shengli Coalfield of xilingogle as the research object, using the method of combining field sampling and indoor analysis, 1 research samples are set up in 7 radiation directions of East, South, West and North, northeast, Southeast and southwest, and according to the practice of mining area. On the east side of the mining area, 1 survey samples were set up at the periphery of the mining area 0km, 0.5km, 1km, 2km and 4km. On the other 6 direction samples, 1 survey samples were set up from the outer boundary 0km, 0.5km, 1km, 2km, 4km, 6km and 8km. Furthermore, the investigation plots were added to the 3 lines of southward, West and north as control. In 7-9 months of.2014, the characteristics of the community were investigated on the pre set plots and the surface soil samples were collected (0 ~ 10cm). The contents of 6 kinds of heavy metal elements, such as chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb), were measured, and the analysis methods such as multivariate statistical analysis, GIS spatial analysis and geostatistical Kriging interpolation were applied to the mining area. The spatial distribution of heavy metal content, the law of migration and diffusion and the influence of coal mining on heavy metals in typical grassland soil are studied. At the same time, the single factor index method, Nemero comprehensive index method, and the land accumulation index method are used to evaluate the soil environmental quality of the typical grassland soil by the two grade standard of the national soil environmental quality and the soil background value of Inner Mongolia. The current situation of heavy metal pollution in the soil around the typical prairie open coal mine area, and using the potential ecological risk assessment method to study the ecological risk grade and its spatial distribution pattern in the experimental area for the 7-9 month of.2015 years, in the restoration area of the biologic fence vegetation in the outer dumping ground and the restoration area of the non biologically barred vegetation in the outside of the open pit coal mine, the selection has been restored for 1 years and 5 years respectively. The characteristics of the vegetation community were investigated, and the surface soil samples were collected and the contents of heavy metals and nutrients (organic matter, alkali hydrolysable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium) were measured to analyze the effects of different vegetation restoration measures on the heavy metal content, vegetation status and the physical and chemical conditions of soil. The main results are as follows: (1) mining in open pit coal mine The spatial distribution of heavy metals in the surrounding soil has a significant influence, and the extent and extent of its influence are controlled by a variety of factors. The content of heavy metals in the soil, the index of single factor pollution, the Nemero comprehensive pollution index and the comprehensive potential ecological risk index are the highest in the center of the mining area, and gradually reduce to the four sides. (2) the northeast direction of the mining area and the heavy metal in the soil The content of the comprehensive pollution index and the potential ecological risk index of all the sampling points reached the level of light pollution and moderate ecological hazard. (3) the soil heavy metal content in the 0.5km range around the typical prairie open coal mine was higher than the background value, and the comprehensive pollution index and the potential of the latent energy were above the background value. (3) the soil background value of the Inner Mongolia soil was more than the background value. In terms of ecological risk index, the influence of mining mining on West and south direction is 2km, and the influence range of East and north direction can reach 4km. (4) based on national standard of two grade soil environmental quality. The soil Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn and Pb of typical prairie open coal mine area belong to the clean level, and the soil background value of Inner Mongolia is in the background value. The single factor pollution index indicates that heavy metal Cu is a light pollution level, the other 5 kinds of heavy metals are clean level, but it reaches the level of light pollution from the 0.5km sample in the mining area, and the comprehensive pollution index of inner Melo indicates that the soil around the mining area is a light pollution grade, and the soil accumulation index method shows the heavy metals around the open coal mine area. The potential ecological risk index method based on the 10km control point showed that the highest level of soil pollution in the study area was moderate ecological hazard grade and most of the region was in the mild ecological hazard grade. (5) statistical analysis (correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis) showed that the soil around the typical steppe mining area The sources of Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn were the same, and Pb had a separate source. (6) the number of species and diversity index increased gradually (high) with the increase of vegetation restoration measures in the mining area. First, the proportion of the biennial plants decreased, the proportion of their biomass decreased, and the perennial grasses and shrubs gradually became dominant plant species. With the higher species diversity, the waste soil, which is nearly 70%. (7) in the community biomass, has increased the heavy metal content with the increase of external exposure time, and the method of vegetation restoration by artificial plants can increase the content of soil organic matter, alkali hydrolysable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium. The heavy metal content in the soil was significantly reduced (except Pb) (P0.05). The heavy metal content could reach the level of 10km around the mining area after 5 years of vegetation restoration, among which the effect of the restoration method of the vegetation was more significant.
【學位授予單位】：內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：X53;X752;X173
【參考文獻】
相關期刊論文 前10條
1 張連科;李海鵬;黃學敏;李玉梅;焦坤靈;孫鵬;王維大;;包頭某鋁廠周邊土壤重金屬的空間分布及來源解析[J];環(huán)境科學;2016年03期
2 楊勇;劉愛軍;李蘭花;王保林;王明玖;;不同干擾方式對內(nèi)蒙古典型草原植物種組成和功能群特征的影響[J];應用生態(tài)學報;2016年03期
3 劉碩;吳泉源;曹學江;王集寧;張龍龍;蔡東全;周歷媛;劉娜;;龍口煤礦區(qū)土壤重金屬污染評價與空間分布特征[J];環(huán)境科學;2016年01期
4 吳冰瑜;額爾登桑;;內(nèi)蒙古獲各琦銅礦區(qū)土壤重金屬污染特征及其評價[J];環(huán)境與健康雜志;2015年10期
5 麻冰涓;王海鄰;李小超;張永慧;劉軍;李東艷;;河南省武陟縣大田土壤重金屬形態(tài)分布及潛在生態(tài)風險評價[J];安全與環(huán)境學報;2015年04期
6 胡毅鴻;周蕾;李欣;徐凡迪;王霖;莫冬志;周亮;王欣;;石門雄黃礦區(qū)As污染研究Ⅰ——As空間分布、化學形態(tài)與酸雨溶出特性[J];農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境科學學報;2015年08期
7 周妍姿;王鈞;曾輝;朱悅山;;內(nèi)蒙古土壤重金屬的空間異質性及污染特征[J];生態(tài)環(huán)境學報;2015年08期
8 高文文;白中科;余勤飛;;煤礦工業(yè)場地土壤重金屬污染評價[J];中國礦業(yè);2015年08期
9 李良忠;胡國成;張麗娟;于云江;陳棉彪;向明燈;黃楚珊;韓倩;曹兆進;王強;鐘格梅;;礦區(qū)家庭灰塵中重金屬污染及其潛在生態(tài)風險[J];中國環(huán)境科學;2015年04期
10 李一蒙;馬建華;劉德新;孫艷麗;陳彥芳;;開封城市土壤重金屬污染及潛在生態(tài)風險評價[J];環(huán)境科學;2015年03期
相關博士學位論文 前6條
1 郝玉芬;山區(qū)型采煤廢棄地生態(tài)修復及其生態(tài)服務研究[D];中國礦業(yè)大學（北京）;2011年
2 單玉梅;放牧強度和草地利用方式對內(nèi)蒙古典型草原土壤氮礦化和凋落物分解的影響[D];內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學;2011年
3 王笑峰;矸石廢棄地生態(tài)恢復機制及優(yōu)化模式研究[D];東北林業(yè)大學;2009年
4 陳高武;重慶都市圈土壤重金屬元素遷移富集及生態(tài)效應研究[D];成都理工大學;2008年
5 馬建軍;黃土高原丘陵溝壑區(qū)露天煤礦生態(tài)修復及其生態(tài)效應研究[D];內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學;2007年
6 郭平;長春市土壤重金屬污染機理與防治對策研究[D];吉林大學;2005年
相關碩士學位論文 前5條
1 魏玲玲;鄂爾多斯兩個煤礦礦區(qū)土壤重金屬含量及粉煤灰對羊柴光合生理和生長的影響[D];河南農(nóng)業(yè)大學;2014年
2 陳琦;錫林郭勒草原煤礦排土場植被恢復措施應用效果初步評價[D];內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學;2013年
3 歐陽賽蘭;煤矸石山污染物的淋溶實驗研究[D];河北工程大學;2013年
4 趙欣;黑岱溝露天煤礦生態(tài)修復后的景觀生態(tài)格局變化研究[D];內(nèi)蒙古大學;2013年
5 陳國麗;硫鐵礦冶煉廢渣重金屬污染環(huán)境危害及遷移擴散規(guī)律研究[D];重慶大學;2011年
，本文編號：2154908
本文鏈接：http://sikaile.net/jingjilunwen/jiliangjingjilunwen/2154908.html
最近更新
教材專著
