【摘要】：中國(guó)北方是沙漠化土地的主要分布區(qū),獲取該地區(qū)的沙漠化土地分布及其驅(qū)動(dòng)力因素對(duì)于沙漠化防治具有重要意義。沙漠化是一種土地退化現(xiàn)象,持續(xù)的沙漠化會(huì)導(dǎo)致土地貧瘠、生產(chǎn)力下降、生物多樣性減少等諸多環(huán)境及經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題。為了有效的大面積估算我國(guó)北方沙漠化土地的分布,本研究主要利用中分辨率成像光譜儀(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer,MODIS)數(shù)據(jù)的反射率產(chǎn)品MODIS09A1的第1波段和第2波段來(lái)計(jì)算對(duì)沙漠化土地反應(yīng)敏感的荒漠化指數(shù)(Normalized Difference Desertification Index,NDDI),結(jié)合高分一號(hào)數(shù)據(jù)(GF-1)獲得沙漠化土地的MODIS-NDDI時(shí)間序列圖,計(jì)算研究區(qū)MODIS-NDDI時(shí)間序列圖與沙漠化土地的MODIS-NDDI時(shí)間序列圖之間的平均絕對(duì)距離,獲得2001~2015年沙漠化土地的可能分布,對(duì)可能分布范圍設(shè)定閾值得到2001~2015年沙漠化土地的分布狀況,并利用交叉收斂映射(Convergent Cross Mapping,CCM)算法分析其驅(qū)動(dòng)力因素。本文的主要成果如下:(1)利用多源遙感數(shù)據(jù)實(shí)現(xiàn)中國(guó)北方沙漠化土地的動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)。以MODIS09A1為遙感數(shù)據(jù)源,篩選出對(duì)沙漠化土地的敏感波段(MODIS09 A1反射率數(shù)據(jù)的第1波段和第2波段)計(jì)算荒漠化指數(shù)NDDI,主要利用MODIS-NDDI時(shí)間序列數(shù)據(jù)以及高分一號(hào)(GF-1)數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)獲取我國(guó)北方的沙漠化土地分布狀況,總體精度達(dá)到88.38%。(2)利用多源遙感數(shù)據(jù)實(shí)現(xiàn)中國(guó)北方稀疏植被覆蓋度的動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)。本研究中利用MOD09A1數(shù)據(jù)和MOD15A2數(shù)據(jù)獲得的歸一化植被指數(shù)(Normalized Difference Desertification Index,NDVI)、光合有效輻射吸收比率(Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation,FPAR)以及葉面積指數(shù)(Leaf Area Index,LAI)數(shù)據(jù),實(shí)現(xiàn)中國(guó)北方2001~2015年植被覆蓋度的動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)。當(dāng)1LAI3時(shí),我們使用非稠密模型;其他情況下,我們使用稠密模型。比較TM估算結(jié)果和MODIS估算結(jié)果,結(jié)果表明二者具有高度相關(guān)性,R2=0.85,RMSE=0.50。(3)分析了中國(guó)北方近15年沙漠化土地的動(dòng)態(tài)演變特征。統(tǒng)計(jì)近15年沙漠化土地的變化斜率可知,沙漠化土地增加的區(qū)域包括70個(gè)縣,但是變化的斜率都比較小,說(shuō)明沙漠化土地小幅度的加劇,沙漠化土地?zé)o變化或者減少的區(qū)域包括250個(gè)縣,大部分地區(qū)的沙漠化程度都在減弱。我國(guó)北方近15年期間的沙漠化土地的重心有向高緯度低經(jīng)度方向移動(dòng)的趨勢(shì),15年期間沙漠化土地重心向北移動(dòng)了0.06°N,向西移動(dòng)了2.2°E。沙漠化土地主要分布于90~100°E經(jīng)度梯度范圍和30~40°N緯度梯度范圍內(nèi),我國(guó)北方的沙漠化土地主要分布在海拔高度2000m以下,沙漠氣候區(qū)以及草原氣候區(qū)。從近15年甚至是近10年的尺度來(lái)看,我國(guó)的沙漠化狀況都是有所改善的,但是近5年局部地區(qū)沙漠化程度加劇,具體表現(xiàn)在各大河流和湖泊附近。雖然近幾年國(guó)家大力加強(qiáng)生態(tài)建設(shè),總體上生態(tài)環(huán)境有所改善,但還是需要注意局部地區(qū)的環(huán)境變化。(4)分析了中國(guó)北方近15年沙漠化土地的驅(qū)動(dòng)力因素。利用所獲取的近15年的沙漠化土地分布及相關(guān)的降雨、溫度和人口數(shù)據(jù),采用CCM算法對(duì)中國(guó)北方沙漠化土地的驅(qū)動(dòng)力因素進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果表明沙漠化土地與人口互相影響(P0.05)。同樣,利用CCM算法,可知土地沙漠化受溫度影響明顯,但是受降雨影響不明顯。另外,沙漠化土地與風(fēng)速互相影響明顯(P0.01)。(5)從大的尺度上看,沙漠化受自然因素影響比較大,人為活動(dòng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致小范圍的沙漠化擴(kuò)張或者逆轉(zhuǎn)。沙漠化土地面積如果不斷擴(kuò)張,會(huì)導(dǎo)致大量人口的遷移和社會(huì)的不穩(wěn)定。中國(guó)北方是沙塵暴的巨大源頭,對(duì)于該地區(qū)的沙漠化防治,預(yù)防尤為重要,我們更應(yīng)該關(guān)注沙漠化潛在發(fā)生區(qū)域,政策上更應(yīng)該傾向沙漠化預(yù)防。同時(shí),我們也應(yīng)該時(shí)刻關(guān)注氣候變化,從結(jié)果來(lái)看,如果某些氣候因子發(fā)生變化,勢(shì)必導(dǎo)致沙漠化土地的劇烈變化,同樣沙漠化土地也會(huì)對(duì)氣候變化產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。
[Abstract]:North China is the main distribution area of desertification land. The distribution of desertification land and its driving forces in this area are of great significance to the prevention and control of desertification. Desertification is a kind of land degradation phenomenon. The sustainable desertification will lead to many environmental and economic problems, such as poor land, decline in productivity, and the reduction of biodiversity. The distribution of desertification land in the north of China is estimated effectively. This study mainly uses the first and second bands of the reflectance products of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data to calculate the desertification index (Normalized Differ) sensitive to desertification land response (Normalized Differ). Ence Desertification Index, NDDI), combined with high score 1 data (GF-1) to obtain the MODIS-NDDI time sequence diagram of desertification land, calculate the average absolute distance between the MODIS-NDDI time sequence diagram of the study area and the MODIS-NDDI time sequence diagram of the desertification land, and obtain the possible distribution of the desert land in 2015, and the possible distribution range. The thresholds were set to obtain the distribution of desertification land in 2001~2015 years, and the driving force factors were analyzed using the cross convergent mapping (Convergent Cross Mapping, CCM) algorithm. The main achievements of this paper are as follows: (1) the dynamic monitoring of desertification land in northern China is realized by using multi-source remote sensing data. MODIS09A1 is used as the remote sensing data source to screen out the sand. Desertification index NDDI is calculated on the sensitive band of desertification land (first band and second band of MODIS09 A1 reflectance data). The distribution of desertification land in northern China is obtained by using MODIS-NDDI time series data and high score 1 (GF-1) data. The overall precision reaches 88.38%. (2) using multi source remote sensing data to realize the north of China. Dynamic monitoring of sparse vegetation coverage. The normalized vegetation index (Normalized Difference Desertification Index, NDVI) obtained from the MOD09A1 data and the MOD15A2 data in this study, the photosynthetic effective radiation absorption ratio (Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation, and the leaf area index) data, Dynamic monitoring of vegetation coverage in northern China during 2001~2015. When 1LAI3, we use a non dense model. In other cases, we use a dense model. Compare TM estimation results and MODIS estimation results. The results show that the two are highly correlated, R2=0.85, RMSE=0.50. (3) analysis of desertification land dynamics in northern China for nearly 15 years The change slope of desertification land in the last 15 years shows that the areas of desertification land increase include 70 counties, but the slope of the change is relatively small, which indicates that the desertification land has increased slightly, the desertification land is not changed or reduced in 250 counties, and the desertification degree of most areas is weakening. In the past 15 years, the center of desertification land has a tendency toward high latitude and low longitude direction. During the period of 15 years, the barycenter of desertification land moved northward to 0.06 N, and the desertification land moved westward 2.2 E. mainly in the range of the longitude gradient of 90~100 E and the latitude gradient of 30~40 N, and the desertification land in the north of China was mainly distributed. At the altitude of less than 2000m, the desert climate zone and the grassland climate area. From the last 15 years or even 10 years, the desertification situation in China has been improved, but the desertification degree of the local areas has intensified in the last 5 years, which is concretely represented in the large rivers and lakes. Although the state has strengthened the ecological construction in recent years, the overall situation has been greatly improved. The ecological environment has improved, but there is still a need to pay attention to the environmental changes in local areas. (4) the driving forces of desertification land in northern China for the last 15 years are analyzed. Using the desertification land distribution and related rainfall, temperature and population data obtained in the last 15 years, the driving force factors of desertification land in northern China are calculated by CCM method. The results show that desertification land and population interact with each other (P0.05). Similarly, using the CCM algorithm, it can be found that the desertification is affected by the temperature obviously, but the influence of rainfall is not obvious. In addition, the desertification land and the wind speed influence each other obviously (P0.01). (5) from the large scale, the desertification is greatly influenced by the natural factors and human activities. It will lead to a small area of desertification expansion or reversal. If the desertification land area is expanding, it will lead to a large number of population migration and social instability. Northern China is a huge source of sand dust storm, especially for the prevention and control of desertification in this area. We should pay more attention to the potential desertification area of desertification, and should be more appropriate for policy. It is a tendency to prevent desertification. At the same time, we should also pay attention to climate change at the same time. From the results, if some climate factors change, it is bound to lead to severe changes in desertification land, and the same desertification land will have a far-reaching impact on climate change.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S288

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