本文選題：高等教育擴(kuò)展 + 大學(xué)溢價(jià)　； 參考：《山東大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：自1999年我國高等教育實(shí)施大規(guī)模擴(kuò)招以來,大學(xué)學(xué)歷勞動(dòng)者在勞動(dòng)力市場上的供給急劇增加。在現(xiàn)實(shí)社會(huì)中也伴隨就業(yè)難而產(chǎn)生了"大學(xué)無用論"、"讀書無用論"的社會(huì)認(rèn)知,其可能的原因就是高等教育擴(kuò)展在迅速增加大學(xué)畢業(yè)生規(guī)模的同時(shí),降低了大學(xué)學(xué)歷相對(duì)收益率,縮減了大學(xué)溢價(jià)水平。然而,從知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的內(nèi)在要求來看,高等教育必須不斷擴(kuò)展以提升人力資本水平與技能勞動(dòng)力的相對(duì)占比,推動(dòng)技能偏態(tài)型技術(shù)進(jìn)步,進(jìn)而提高大學(xué)學(xué)歷勞動(dòng)者的相對(duì)需求,并擴(kuò)大大學(xué)溢價(jià)。因此,高等教育擴(kuò)展影響大學(xué)溢價(jià)變動(dòng)的效應(yīng)方向,在現(xiàn)實(shí)判斷與理論分析之間出現(xiàn)了矛盾、對(duì)立。那么,高等教育擴(kuò)展對(duì)大學(xué)溢價(jià)的影響究竟是擴(kuò)大還是減小呢?針對(duì)這個(gè)疑問,本文認(rèn)為不論是從理論層面探討知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展對(duì)高等教育擴(kuò)展的內(nèi)在要求,還是從現(xiàn)實(shí)層面回應(yīng)"大學(xué)無用論"的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象,都需要厘清高等教育擴(kuò)展與大學(xué)溢價(jià)變動(dòng)之間的作用機(jī)理,并對(duì)高等教育擴(kuò)展影響大學(xué)溢價(jià)變動(dòng)的具體效應(yīng)進(jìn)行實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)。在此基礎(chǔ)上,本文提出以下具體研究問題:高等教育擴(kuò)展影響大學(xué)溢價(jià)的路徑與機(jī)理,如何在理論層面進(jìn)行刻畫?基于高等教育擴(kuò)展影響大學(xué)溢價(jià)的路徑與機(jī)理,如何進(jìn)行數(shù)理模型構(gòu)建?通過我國經(jīng)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)檢驗(yàn),高等教育擴(kuò)展對(duì)大學(xué)溢價(jià)是否存在影響?我國高等教育擴(kuò)展對(duì)大學(xué)溢價(jià)的具體效應(yīng),究竟是增加還是降低?以上疑問就是本文嘗試通過理論分析與實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行探討與回答的研究問題。圍繞高等教育擴(kuò)展影響大學(xué)溢價(jià)變動(dòng)這一研究主題,本文主要采用規(guī)范分析與實(shí)證分析相結(jié)合的研究方法展開具體研究,總體內(nèi)容框架分為兩部分;機(jī)理分析、效應(yīng)檢驗(yàn)。其中,機(jī)理分析是以高等教育擴(kuò)展的分流功能為切入點(diǎn)展開傳導(dǎo)路徑刻畫與數(shù)理模型構(gòu)建;效應(yīng)檢驗(yàn)則是從宏觀數(shù)據(jù)、微觀數(shù)據(jù)兩個(gè)層面分別進(jìn)行回歸分析。本文并將論文共劃分為七章展開具體研究,每個(gè)章節(jié)的主要研究內(nèi)容安排,具體如下所述:第1章概要介紹了本文的主要概念、研究思路與研究方法等內(nèi)容。第2章梳理與述評(píng)了高等教育影擴(kuò)展響大學(xué)溢價(jià)的現(xiàn)有研究文獻(xiàn)。第3章根據(jù)相關(guān)理論基礎(chǔ),剖析并闡述了大學(xué)溢價(jià)的形成與變動(dòng)規(guī)律,對(duì)高等教育擴(kuò)展影響大學(xué)溢價(jià)的機(jī)理與傳導(dǎo)路徑進(jìn)行了刻畫。在理論刻畫的基礎(chǔ)上,本章以高等教育擴(kuò)展的分流功能作為機(jī)理分析的切入點(diǎn),并基于阿西莫格魯與墨菲提出的技能勞動(dòng)相對(duì)供需框架,通過多部門模型的經(jīng)濟(jì)均衡分析將高等教育擴(kuò)展引入到技能勞動(dòng)相對(duì)供需框架之中,推導(dǎo)了高等教育擴(kuò)展影響大學(xué)溢價(jià)變動(dòng)的數(shù)理模型。第4章為我國高等教育規(guī)模擴(kuò)展影響大學(xué)溢價(jià)的實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)。本章根據(jù)第3章的數(shù)理模型推導(dǎo),構(gòu)建了高等教育規(guī)模擴(kuò)展影響大學(xué)溢價(jià)的估計(jì)模型。基于相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)的可獲得性,本章使用2004—2010年我國31個(gè)省份的省級(jí)面板數(shù)據(jù),回歸估計(jì)高等教育擴(kuò)展影響大學(xué)溢價(jià)的具體效應(yīng),并通過變換估計(jì)方法、替換解釋變量、替換被解釋變量等三種方法對(duì)實(shí)證結(jié)果進(jìn)行了穩(wěn)健性檢驗(yàn)。最后,本章歸納總結(jié)我國高等教育擴(kuò)展影響大學(xué)溢價(jià)的宏觀作用情況,得出本部分的研究結(jié)論。第5章為我國高等教育經(jīng)費(fèi)投入擴(kuò)展影響大學(xué)溢價(jià)的效應(yīng)檢驗(yàn)。本章結(jié)合第3章的機(jī)理分析與第4章實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)的面板模型,以及高等教育經(jīng)費(fèi)投入與人力資本積累效率之間的數(shù)量關(guān)系,構(gòu)建了高等教育經(jīng)費(fèi)投入擴(kuò)展影響大學(xué)溢價(jià)的計(jì)量模型。然后,使用省級(jí)面板數(shù)據(jù)實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)了公共教育經(jīng)費(fèi)、私人教育經(jīng)費(fèi)對(duì)大學(xué)溢價(jià)變動(dòng)的規(guī)模效應(yīng),并分別從學(xué)校層級(jí)、學(xué)校類型兩個(gè)維度對(duì)實(shí)證估計(jì)了高等教育經(jīng)費(fèi)投入影響大學(xué)溢價(jià)的結(jié)構(gòu)效應(yīng)。第6章為我國高等教育擴(kuò)展影響大學(xué)溢價(jià)變動(dòng)的微觀分析。本章根據(jù)第2章中對(duì)現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)的梳理,基于明瑟教育收益率方程構(gòu)建了微觀大學(xué)溢價(jià)的估計(jì)模型,并使用2003—2013年的CGSS數(shù)據(jù),測算了我國微觀大學(xué)溢價(jià)在高等教育擴(kuò)展期間的變動(dòng)趨勢。然后,本章使用雙重差分模型(DID)技術(shù)構(gòu)建了我國高等教育擴(kuò)展影響大學(xué)溢價(jià)水平變動(dòng)的三重差分計(jì)量模型,并使用1989—2011年的CHNS數(shù)據(jù)構(gòu)建混合橫截面進(jìn)行了實(shí)證檢驗(yàn),以從微觀層面探討我國高等教育擴(kuò)展影響大學(xué)溢價(jià)的具體效應(yīng)。本章以收入水平差異作為大學(xué)生群體異質(zhì)性的變量指標(biāo),使用分位數(shù)回歸方法檢驗(yàn)了高等教育擴(kuò)展對(duì)不同收入分位大學(xué)生群體溢價(jià)水平的影響作用。第7章根據(jù)本文的實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果,歸納總結(jié)了主要研究結(jié)論,并為高等教育擴(kuò)展的未來發(fā)展提出了相應(yīng)的政策建議。在上述研究框架的具體研究過程中,本文主要在以下四個(gè)方面進(jìn)行了新的嘗試。第一、本文在理論分析與數(shù)量模型兩個(gè)層面,選取高等教育擴(kuò)展的分流功能作為切入點(diǎn),刻畫了高等教育擴(kuò)展影響大學(xué)溢價(jià)的傳導(dǎo)路徑與作用機(jī)理,對(duì)現(xiàn)有研究做出了一定的推進(jìn)。鑒于現(xiàn)有研究尚未剖析高等教育擴(kuò)展影響大學(xué)溢價(jià)的作用機(jī)理,本文通過結(jié)合人力資本異質(zhì)性理論、勞動(dòng)力市場供需均衡理論,同時(shí)由高等教育擴(kuò)展的分流功能切入,理論分析了高等教育擴(kuò)展引致勞動(dòng)力市場中的增量異質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)變動(dòng),進(jìn)而影響勞動(dòng)力市場供需均衡,最終引起大學(xué)溢價(jià)變動(dòng)的傳導(dǎo)路徑。在此基礎(chǔ)上,本研究基于技能勞動(dòng)相對(duì)供需框架,通過構(gòu)建多部門均衡模型將高等教育擴(kuò)展引入到大學(xué)溢價(jià)決定方程之中,構(gòu)建出高等教育擴(kuò)展影響大學(xué)溢價(jià)變動(dòng)的數(shù)理模型。第二、本文使用宏觀數(shù)據(jù)實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)得到的研究結(jié)論,對(duì)大多從微觀層面進(jìn)行分析與探討的現(xiàn)有研究,具有一定的補(bǔ)充作用。本文根據(jù)我國高等教育擴(kuò)展實(shí)踐,運(yùn)用我國省級(jí)面板數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了回歸估計(jì),驗(yàn)證了高等教育擴(kuò)展影響大學(xué)溢價(jià)的傳導(dǎo)路徑與數(shù)量模型是成立的。同時(shí),本文分別以高等教育規(guī)模擴(kuò)展作為總量維度,以高等教育經(jīng)費(fèi)投入擴(kuò)展作為結(jié)構(gòu)維度實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)了高等教育擴(kuò)展影響大學(xué)溢價(jià)的具體效應(yīng)。本文得出在技能勞動(dòng)相對(duì)供需框架中,由于高等教育擴(kuò)展對(duì)大學(xué)溢價(jià)的相對(duì)需求渠道效應(yīng)大于相對(duì)供給渠道效應(yīng),故在宏觀層面上我國高等教育擴(kuò)展并沒有減小大學(xué)溢價(jià),反而擴(kuò)大了大學(xué)溢價(jià)的研究結(jié)論。第三、本文綜合宏觀、微觀兩個(gè)層面的實(shí)證分析,相對(duì)于現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)中的單一層面來講,可以更加全面地考察我國高等教育擴(kuò)展影響大學(xué)溢價(jià)變動(dòng)的具體效應(yīng)。具體來說,在宏觀層面分析中,本文將高等教育擴(kuò)展劃分為總量維度與結(jié)構(gòu)維度,考察我國高等教育擴(kuò)展對(duì)大學(xué)溢價(jià)變動(dòng)的總量效應(yīng)與結(jié)構(gòu)效應(yīng)。在微觀層面分析中,本文在三重差分模型的基礎(chǔ)上引入大學(xué)生群體異質(zhì)性因素,使用分位數(shù)回歸以比較分析了我國高等教育擴(kuò)展影響不同群組微觀大學(xué)溢價(jià)的效應(yīng)差異。本研究期望通過兩個(gè)層面與多個(gè)維度的實(shí)證分析,可以更加全面與深入地探討我國高等教育擴(kuò)展對(duì)大學(xué)溢價(jià)的影響效應(yīng)。第四、本文對(duì)人力資本積累效率的測算,不僅有助于加深對(duì)我國高等教育經(jīng)費(fèi)投入擴(kuò)展與人力資本結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化之間關(guān)系的理解,同時(shí)也豐富了分析高等教育技術(shù)效率的研究視角。本文嘗試使用隨機(jī)前沿分析SFA方法,以高等教育經(jīng)費(fèi)投入作為投入項(xiàng),以高等教育育規(guī)模擴(kuò)展引致的勞動(dòng)力異質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)變動(dòng)作為產(chǎn)出項(xiàng),測算了我國高等教育的人力資本積累效率。在測算過程中,本文對(duì)不同地區(qū)之間的人力資本積累效率進(jìn)行了比較分析,得出了我國各省份的高等教育人力資本積累效率以及地區(qū)差異情況。其中,各地區(qū)高等教育人力資本積累效率由高到低依次為:東部、西部、中部,高等教育技術(shù)效率最低的是中部地區(qū)。最后,本文綜合宏觀與微觀兩個(gè)層面實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果,證明了我國高等教育擴(kuò)展并沒有導(dǎo)致大學(xué)溢價(jià)的持續(xù)降低,并且總體上反而擴(kuò)大了大學(xué)溢價(jià)水平。此研究結(jié)論在一定程度上也證明了"讀書無用論"、"大學(xué)無用論"的問題根源并不是由高等教育規(guī)模擴(kuò)展引起的。同時(shí),我國高等教育經(jīng)費(fèi)投入擴(kuò)展影響大學(xué)溢價(jià)的效應(yīng)表現(xiàn)為:公共經(jīng)費(fèi)投入是提高高等教育人力資本積累效率主要因素,可以顯著增加技能勞動(dòng)力相對(duì)供給,對(duì)大學(xué)溢價(jià)具有顯著的縮減作用;而私人經(jīng)費(fèi)投入則對(duì)大學(xué)溢價(jià)具有顯著的擴(kuò)大作用。此外,大學(xué)溢價(jià)的顯著存在說明了選擇上大學(xué)、接受高等教育是一項(xiàng)相對(duì)收益豐厚的人力資本投資行為。而大學(xué)溢價(jià)隨收入分位群組的升高而減小的分布規(guī)律,則表明接受高等教育,獲得大學(xué)學(xué)歷將更加有利于中低收入人群實(shí)現(xiàn)收入水平的增加。這在一定程度上說明了高等教育擴(kuò)展不僅有利于促進(jìn)社會(huì)公平,同時(shí)對(duì)中低收入家庭還具有增收、減貧的功能。
[Abstract]:Since the large-scale enrollment expansion of higher education in China in 1999, the supply of college educated workers has increased dramatically in the labor market. In the real society, it is also accompanied by the difficulty of employment and the social cognition of "the useless theory of universities" and "the theory of reading is useless". The possible reason is that higher education expands to increase the scale of college graduates rapidly. At the same time, the relative rate of university education has been reduced and the premium level of university has been reduced. However, from the internal requirements of the development of knowledge economy, higher education must be continuously expanded to improve the relative proportion of human capital and skilled labor, to promote technical progress and to improve the relative demand of college educated workers. Therefore, the expansion of higher education has an impact on the effect of the change in the premium of the University, and there is a contradiction between the realistic judgment and the theoretical analysis. Then, the effect of the expansion of higher education on the premium of the university is expanding or decreasing? In this question, the paper considers that the knowledge economy is discussed from the theoretical level. To develop the internal requirements of the expansion of higher education, or to respond to the social phenomenon of the "useless theory of University" from the realistic level, it is necessary to clarify the mechanism between the expansion of higher education and the change in the premium of the University, and make an empirical test on the concrete effects of the expansion of higher education on the change of premium in universities. On this basis, the following is proposed. Body research problem: how does the expansion of higher education affect the path and mechanism of University premium and how to depict it in a theoretical level? How to build a mathematical model based on the path and mechanism of higher education expansion affecting university premium? Is there any impact on University premium through China's empirical data test and higher education expansion? China's Higher Education The specific effect of expansion on University premium is increasing or decreasing? The above question is the research question that this article tries to discuss and answer through theoretical analysis and empirical test. The general content framework is divided into two parts: the mechanism analysis and the effect test. Among them, the mechanism analysis takes the conduction path depiction and the mathematical model construction as the breakthrough point of the expansion of higher education. The effect test is the regression analysis from the macroscopic data and the microscopic data in two levels. A total of seven chapters are divided into specific studies, the main contents of each chapter are arranged as follows: the first chapter briefly introduces the main concepts, research ideas and methods of research. The second chapter reviews and reviews the existing research literature on the premium of university expansion in higher education. The third chapter is based on the relevant theoretical basis. The formation and change rules of University premium are described and the mechanism and transmission path of higher education expansion affecting the premium are depicted. On the basis of the theoretical characterization, this chapter takes the distributary function of higher education as the breakthrough point of the mechanism analysis, and based on the relative supply and demand frame proposed by Acemoglu and Murphy. On the basis of the economic equilibrium analysis of the multi sector model, the expansion of higher education is introduced into the framework of relative supply and demand of skilled labor, and the mathematical model of the influence of higher education expansion on the premium changes is derived. The fourth chapter is an empirical examination of the influence of the scale expansion of higher education in China. This chapter is derived from the mathematical model of the third chapter. Based on the availability of related data, this chapter uses provincial panel data from 2004 to 2010 in 31 provinces of China to estimate the specific effects of higher education expansion on University premium based on the availability of related data, and replaces explanatory variables and replace the explanatory variables by transformation estimation methods. The three methods have carried on the robustness test to the empirical results. Finally, this chapter summarizes the macro effect of the expansion of higher education in China on the impact of University premium, and draws the conclusions of this part. The fifth chapter is the effect test on the effect of the expansion of higher education expenditure in China on the effect of University premium. This chapter combines the mechanism analysis and the fourth chapter of the third chapters. The panel model of the certificate inspection, and the quantitative relationship between the investment of higher education and the efficiency of the accumulation of human capital, set up a measurement model for the expansion of higher education funds to influence the premium of the University. Then, using the provincial panel data to test the public education funds and the scale effect of the private education funds on the change of the University premium. From the two dimensions of school level and school type, the paper estimates the structural effect of higher education fund investment on the impact of University premium. The sixth chapter is the micro analysis of the influence of higher education premium on the change of University premium in China. This chapter builds the microcosmic size based on the education return rate equation based on the existing literature in the second chapters. This chapter uses the CGSS data from 2003 to 2013 to calculate the change trend of China's Micro University premium during the expansion of higher education. Then, this chapter uses the dual differential model (DID) to construct the three differential difference measurement model of the higher education premium level changes in China's higher education, and uses 1989 - 2011. In this chapter, the concrete effects of the expansion of higher education in China on the premium of higher education are discussed from the micro level. This chapter takes the difference of income level as the variable index of the heterogeneity of college students, and uses the method of quantile regression to test the expansion of higher education to the students of different income. In the seventh chapter, according to the results of the empirical test, the main conclusions are summarized, and the corresponding policy suggestions are put forward for the future development of higher education. In the specific research process of the above research framework, this paper has made a new attempt in the following four aspects. First, this article is rational On the two levels of analysis and quantitative model, this paper selects the distributary function of higher education expansion as a breakthrough point, portrays the transmission path and mechanism of higher education expansion affecting university premium, and makes some progress on the existing research. In view of the existing research, the mechanism of the influence of higher education expansion on University premium has not been analyzed. Combined with the theory of human capital heterogeneity, the theory of supply and demand equilibrium in labor market, and the split function expanded by higher education, this paper theoretically analyzes the incremental heterogeneity of the labor market caused by the expansion of higher education, and then affects the balance of supply and demand in the labor market, and eventually leads to the transmission path of the change of the University premium. Based on the relative supply and demand framework of skilled labor, this study introduces the expansion of higher education into the University premium determination equation through the construction of multi sector equilibrium model, and constructs a mathematical model of higher education premium changes in higher education. Second. On the basis of the extended practice of higher education in China, this paper uses the provincial panel data of our country to make a regression estimate, and verifies that the transmission path and quantity model of higher education expansion affect the premium of higher education. At the same time, the scale of higher education is on the scale of higher education respectively. In this paper, the relative demand of higher education expansion is larger than the relative supply channel effect in the framework of the relative demand and supply of higher education, because the expansion of higher education is greater than the effect of the relative supply channel. On the view level, the expansion of China's higher education does not reduce the University premium, but enlarges the research conclusion of the University premium. Third, the empirical analysis of the comprehensive macro and micro two levels, compared with the single level of the existing literature, can make a more comprehensive investigation of the specific effect of the expansion of higher education in China on the change of premium in universities. Specifically, in the macro level analysis, this paper divides the expansion of higher education into total and structural dimensions, and examines the total effect and structural effect of the higher education expansion on the premium changes in China. In the micro level analysis, this paper introduces the heterogeneity factors of the college students on the basis of the three difference model and uses the heterogeneity of the college students. Quantile regression is used to analyze the effects of the expansion of higher education on the premium of different groups in China. This study is expected to make a more comprehensive and in-depth study of the effect of higher education expansion on University premium through two levels and multiple dimensions. Fourth, the accumulation of human capital in this paper. The calculation of efficiency not only helps to deepen the understanding of the relationship between the expansion of higher education funds and the optimization of human capital structure in China, but also enriches the research perspective of the analysis of the technical efficiency of higher education. This paper tries to use the SFA method of stochastic frontier analysis to take the investment of higher education and education as an input and the regulation of higher education. As an output item, the labor capital accumulation efficiency of higher education in China is calculated by the model expansion. In the process of calculation, this paper makes a comparative analysis on the efficiency of human capital accumulation between different regions, and draws the efficiency of human capital accumulation and regional differences in Higher Education in various provinces in China. Among them, the efficiency of human capital accumulation in Higher Education from high to low in each region is in the following order: the eastern, western, central, and the lowest technical efficiency of higher education is the central region. Finally, this paper combines the two levels of macro and micro empirical test results, which proves that the expansion of higher education in China has not resulted in the continuous reduction of University premium, and the overall level of higher education has not been reduced. In a certain extent, the conclusion of this study also proves that the root of the problem of "useless reading" is not caused by the expansion of the scale of higher education. At the same time, the effect of the expansion of the investment of higher education in Higher Education in China is as follows: the public funds input is the improvement of higher education. The main factors of the efficiency of human capital accumulation can significantly increase the relative supply of skilled labor and have a significant reduction in University premium, while private investment has a significant expansion effect on University premium. In addition, the significant existence of University premium shows that the choice of higher education is a relatively high benefit. The distribution law of the University premium with the increase of the income sub group shows that the acceptance of higher education and the acquisition of university education will be more conducive to the increase of the income level of the middle and low income population. To a certain extent, the expansion of higher education is not only conducive to the promotion of social equity, but also to the promotion of social equity. The low and middle income families also have the function of increasing income and reducing poverty.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：G649.2

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