發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-06-29 02:04

  本文選題：勞動(dòng)力流動(dòng) + 政府保護(hù)��； 參考：《重慶大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：國內(nèi)不斷出現(xiàn)的勞動(dòng)年齡人口和流動(dòng)人口雙減、勞資糾紛頻發(fā)、普通勞動(dòng)者工資持續(xù)上漲等經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)象,迫使政府、企業(yè)及流動(dòng)勞動(dòng)力需要重新審視流動(dòng)勞動(dòng)力和政府保護(hù)的工資效應(yīng)。伴隨著人口紅利的消失,勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)的低成本優(yōu)勢(shì)不復(fù)存在,倒逼產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí),經(jīng)濟(jì)增長方式向集約型、創(chuàng)新型方向轉(zhuǎn)變,在這種情況下,勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率的提高是勞動(dòng)力工資上漲的基礎(chǔ)。然而,勞動(dòng)供需關(guān)系的逆轉(zhuǎn)引發(fā)了“劉易斯拐點(diǎn)”是否到來、如何延長第二次人口紅利的廣泛思考,由供給短缺引致的工資上漲不僅會(huì)使企業(yè)成本增加還會(huì)導(dǎo)致潛在經(jīng)濟(jì)增長率下降,不利于經(jīng)濟(jì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。由此可見,勞動(dòng)力工資上漲的來源存在爭(zhēng)議。在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展過程中,戶籍制度成為農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力自由流動(dòng)的桎梏,嚴(yán)重降低了市場(chǎng)機(jī)制對(duì)勞動(dòng)力資源配置的靈活性;同時(shí),城市偏向型政策既影響了流動(dòng)勞動(dòng)力作為勞動(dòng)力供給“蓄水池”作用的發(fā)揮,又剝奪了農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力分享經(jīng)濟(jì)成果的權(quán)利;區(qū)域的不均衡發(fā)展進(jìn)一步弱化了流動(dòng)勞動(dòng)力的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)地位�；诖�,本文從微觀角度討論在勞動(dòng)合同約束條件下影響市場(chǎng)分離均衡結(jié)果形成的企業(yè)和勞動(dòng)力因素;并從宏觀視角系統(tǒng)性地考察流動(dòng)勞動(dòng)力、政府保護(hù)與工資效應(yīng)的傳導(dǎo)機(jī)理。首先,梳理了國內(nèi)外相關(guān)研究文獻(xiàn)的研究視角、方法和結(jié)論,并利用國內(nèi)各地區(qū)的數(shù)據(jù)定性刻畫了勞動(dòng)力流動(dòng)、勞動(dòng)保護(hù)和平均工資的客觀現(xiàn)實(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力的受保護(hù)水平較低、具有行業(yè)歧視性、利益訴求渠道有限;勞動(dòng)力流入地和流出的工資水平差距較大、呈現(xiàn)“兩極”分化趨勢(shì);流入地和流出地勞動(dòng)爭(zhēng)議案件數(shù)的空間相關(guān)性逐漸遞增,但輻射效應(yīng)都不明顯。在此背景下,構(gòu)建了在勞動(dòng)合同約束條件下,包含勞動(dòng)力的違約成本、沉沒成本和社會(huì)額外損失成本在內(nèi)的信號(hào)博弈模型,依據(jù)企業(yè)和流動(dòng)勞動(dòng)力預(yù)期收益分析市場(chǎng)混同均衡、分離均衡結(jié)果。從企業(yè)層面把遏制違約行為的成本分為前期搜集成本和后期懲罰成本兩部分,得到影響市場(chǎng)分離均衡結(jié)果的因素是搜集成本、懲罰概率、懲罰力度和各類型勞動(dòng)力所占的比重,通過數(shù)值模擬驗(yàn)證在約束條件下市場(chǎng)的長期最優(yōu)策略結(jié)果是分離均衡。然后,通過對(duì)分行業(yè)、分地區(qū)就業(yè)人員平均工資進(jìn)行重新構(gòu)造,并進(jìn)一步分解為與工資相關(guān)的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)指數(shù)和勞動(dòng)力供給指數(shù),理論上表明工資上漲來自產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)升級(jí)或勞動(dòng)力供給量的減少。各指標(biāo)的計(jì)算結(jié)果表明:國內(nèi)28個(gè)地區(qū)的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)了顯著的改善;低于全國勞動(dòng)力供給水平的地區(qū)同時(shí)集中在勞動(dòng)力需求旺盛和不足的地區(qū);實(shí)際上,工資上漲的動(dòng)力來自勞動(dòng)力供給量的減少。鑒于此,把產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)和勞動(dòng)力供給視為影響流動(dòng)勞動(dòng)力工資效應(yīng)的直接因素,把勞動(dòng)保護(hù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長視為間接影響因素,把產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的交互效應(yīng)、勞動(dòng)保護(hù)和流動(dòng)勞動(dòng)力之間的反饋機(jī)制、以及流動(dòng)勞動(dòng)力和勞動(dòng)保護(hù)的空間效應(yīng)同時(shí)納入并建立聯(lián)立方程模型�；�2003-2013年省級(jí)面板數(shù)據(jù)分別對(duì)模型進(jìn)行OLS回歸,不包含交互項(xiàng)和包含交互項(xiàng)的3sls,引入因變量滯后一期進(jìn)行一步差分GMM估計(jì)以考察序列相關(guān)對(duì)結(jié)果穩(wěn)健性的影響,總體來看,計(jì)量結(jié)果具有可信性。實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明:增加本地勞動(dòng)力流入量會(huì)引起該地區(qū)的就業(yè)人員流向低附加值產(chǎn)業(yè),同時(shí)會(huì)引起該地區(qū)相對(duì)勞動(dòng)力供給量的減少,在一定程度上抵消外地勞動(dòng)力流入對(duì)本地工資的負(fù)面壓力;鄰近地區(qū)勞動(dòng)力流入量提高該地區(qū)低附加值產(chǎn)業(yè)就業(yè)比重的同時(shí)也會(huì)引起相對(duì)勞動(dòng)力供給量的增加,對(duì)本地工資水平具有惡化作用。另外,流入本地勞動(dòng)力增加會(huì)強(qiáng)化政府保護(hù),而流入鄰近地區(qū)勞動(dòng)力增加會(huì)弱化政府保護(hù);然而,加強(qiáng)政府保護(hù)在對(duì)本地勞動(dòng)力流動(dòng)的工資效應(yīng)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響的同時(shí)卻對(duì)外地勞動(dòng)力流動(dòng)的工資效應(yīng)產(chǎn)生正面影響,意味著流動(dòng)勞動(dòng)力和政府保護(hù)存在顯著的相互作用機(jī)制和空間依賴性。低附加值產(chǎn)業(yè)對(duì)地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)的綁架效應(yīng)顯著存在,并且不能隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)水平的提高而消失,反而隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展而提高。最后,根據(jù)以上的研究結(jié)論,分別從合理安置流動(dòng)勞動(dòng)力、加快產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整升級(jí)、嚴(yán)格遵守勞動(dòng)合同法加強(qiáng)勞動(dòng)保護(hù)程度、打破行政壁壘形成區(qū)域一體化共謀發(fā)展等方面提出相應(yīng)的政策建議,并指出文中存在有待于進(jìn)一步改進(jìn)的地方,以及后續(xù)的研究方向。
[Abstract]:The economic phenomena such as the declining labor age population and the floating population in China, the frequent labor disputes and the continuous rising of the wages of ordinary workers have forced the government, the enterprises and the mobile labor to reexamine the wage effect of the migrant labor and the government protection. In this case, the increase of labor productivity is the basis for the rise of labor wages. However, the reversal of the relationship between labor and demand leads to the arrival of the "Lewis inflection point" and how to extend the extensive thought of the second demographic dividend. In the process of economic development, the household registration system has become a shackle of the free flow of labor force in the rural areas, which has seriously reduced the market in the process of economic development. The flexibility of the field mechanism for the allocation of labor resources; at the same time, the urban biased policy not only affects the role of the mobile labor force as the "reservoir" of the labor supply, but also deprives the rural labor force to share the economic results, and the unbalanced development of the region further weakens the economic and social status of the mobile labor force. From the micro angle, this paper discusses the enterprises and labor factors that affect the results of market separation and equilibrium under the constraints of labor contract, and systematically investigates the transmission mechanism of the migrant labor force and the wage effect from the macro perspective. First, it combs the research perspective, methods and conclusions of the research literature at home and abroad. Using the data of various regions in China to characterize the labor flow, labor protection and the objective reality of average wages, it is found that the protection level of the rural labor force is low, the industry is discriminatory and the channel of interest demand is limited; the wage level gap between the labor force inflow and the outflow is relatively large, showing the polarization trend of "two poles" and the inflow and outflow. The spatial correlation of the number of labor dispute cases is increasing gradually, but the radiation effect is not obvious. Under this background, the signal game model, including the labor contract cost, the sunk cost and the social extra cost, is constructed under the conditions of labor contract, and the market mix is analyzed according to the expected income of the enterprise and the floating labor force. From the enterprise level, the cost of the defaulting behavior is divided into two parts: the early collection cost and the late penalty cost. The factors that affect the market separation equilibrium result are the cost, the penalty probability, the punishment strength and the weight of the various types of labor force, and the market is verified under the constraint conditions by numerical simulation. The result of the long-term optimal strategy is the separation equilibrium. Then, the average wage of the employment personnel in the sub region is restructured, and further decomposed into the wage related industrial structure index and the labor supply index. In theory, the wage rise comes from the industrial structure upgrading or the decrease of the labor supply. The results show that the industrial structure of the 28 regions in China has been significantly improved; the areas below the national labor supply level are concentrated in the areas where the labor demand is strong and inadequate; in fact, the motivation of the wage increase comes from the decrease of the labor supply. In view of this, the industrial structure and labor supply are regarded as the impact of the flow. The direct factors of the wage effect of labor force regard labor protection and economic growth as indirect influencing factors. The interaction effect of industrial structure and economic growth, the feedback mechanism between labor protection and migrant labor, and the spatial effect of migrant labor and labor protection are incorporated and established by the simultaneous equation model for 2003-2013 years. The provincial panel data are OLS regression to the model, and the interaction term and the 3SLS containing the interaction items are not included. The effect of the sequence correlation on the robustness of the results is investigated by introducing the one step difference GMM estimate of the dependent variable lag phase. In general, the measurement results have credibility. The empirical results show that the increase of local labor inflow will lead to the increase of the local labor inflow. The flow of workers in the region to low value-added industries will also cause a decrease in the relative labor supply in the region, to a certain extent, to offset the negative pressure on local wages by the inflow of labor force in the other areas; and the labor inflow in the adjacent areas will increase the employment proportion of the low value-added industries in the region as well as the relative labor force. The increase in supply has a worsening effect on the local wage level. In addition, the increase in local labor force will strengthen government protection, while the increase in labor force in adjacent areas will weaken the government protection; however, the increase of government protection has a negative effect on the wage effect of local labor flow while flowing to the foreign labor force. There is a positive impact on the wage effect, which means that there is a significant interaction mechanism and spatial dependence between the mobile labor force and the government protection. The abduction effect of the low value-added industry to the regional economy is significant, and can not disappear with the economic level, but is improved with the development of the economy. Finally, according to the above research The conclusion is that the corresponding policy suggestions are put forward in terms of rational resettlement of migrant labor, accelerating the adjustment and upgrading of industrial structure, strictly observing the labor contract law, strengthening the degree of labor protection and breaking the regional integration and conspiracy development of administrative barriers, and pointing out that there is a place to be further improved in the article and the future research direction.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：重慶大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：F249.2

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