本文選題：六朝 + 小農(nóng)��； 參考：《廣西師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：在南方開發(fā)史上,六朝無疑是第一個關(guān)鍵時期。隨著北方大量漢族人口南遷,六朝小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟得到恢復(fù)和發(fā)展,商品交換也較北方為盛,小農(nóng)群體一改秦漢“無凍餓之人,亦無千金之家”的經(jīng)濟面貌,呈現(xiàn)出紛繁復(fù)雜的時代特征。本論文綜合運用《三國志》、《晉書》等傳世文獻與長沙走馬樓吳簡、郴州晉簡等出土文獻資料,運用歷史文獻考辨、歷史計量法與社會學(xué)研究方法,圍繞著六朝荊、揚二州小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟環(huán)境、生存境況、收支狀況與經(jīng)濟應(yīng)對策略等主題展開研究。首先,論文概述了六朝時期荊、揚二州地區(qū)的溫暖濕潤氣候環(huán)境與豐富的動植物資源,中原民眾南遷,南方人口數(shù)量持續(xù)增長,荊、揚二州農(nóng)業(yè)水利工程數(shù)量不斷增加,農(nóng)耕技術(shù)與農(nóng)業(yè)稻田畝產(chǎn)量得到發(fā)展提高,總體上概括了六朝時期農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟狀況與農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展不利因素。其次,論文從財政與貨幣角度,更具體地分析了六朝經(jīng)濟環(huán)境與小農(nóng)生存境況。孫吳與東晉南朝時期,政府財政長期入不敷出,正陌足幣供應(yīng)缺乏導(dǎo)致通貨緊縮,短錢流通致使交易不暢,市稅繁重挫敗了小農(nóng)從事商品市場交換的積極性,與小農(nóng)生活息息相關(guān)的米、布價格處于大幅波動下降中,小農(nóng)交納賦稅的負擔也隨之進一步加重,南朝后期小農(nóng)生活水平逐步惡化加重,小農(nóng)的生存境況頗為艱難。第三,論文運用歷史計量的方法,甄別相對有限的史料,通過分析小農(nóng)主要消費產(chǎn)品價格,對六朝荊、揚二州小農(nóng)的經(jīng)濟收支狀況進行了初步的量化分析,估算中層小農(nóng)年均經(jīng)濟收入與經(jīng)濟支出狀況,得出六朝荊、揚二州小農(nóng)階層普遍入不敷出的經(jīng)濟狀況。六朝小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟受制于三個因素:自然災(zāi)害、戰(zhàn)亂、大族侵奪與官吏聚斂,而荊、揚二州多數(shù)小農(nóng)生存狀況只是徘徊在溫飽線上下,南朝后期不少小農(nóng)甚至連基本溫飽都得不到保障。因此,論文著重探究小農(nóng)階層為扭轉(zhuǎn)經(jīng)濟日趨惡化的困境而采取不同的應(yīng)對策略。大致概括為三大類:其一是積極參與市場交換、民間借貸、從事各種傭工等途徑,作為小農(nóng)生計的重要補充;其二是通過改籍注或仕進的途徑,減少官府賦役方面支出,包括混入仕流,詐買軍勛、爵位,入僧道戶、著錄官私學(xué)生等;或者通過欺騙、賄賂等途徑,謊報年齡與疾病狀況,或?qū)なa大戶等,來躲避官府征發(fā)盤剝;其三是流亡至王朝控制薄弱地帶,如進入“蠻”區(qū)、山澤屯聚地帶,或由荊、揚地帶流亡至北方政權(quán)轄境或嶺南地區(qū),這成為了他們絕處求生之法。綜合而言,本論文主要探討六朝時期小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟狀況以及小農(nóng)應(yīng)對經(jīng)濟困境所采取的各種策略,通過對小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟收支結(jié)構(gòu)的論述,闡明小農(nóng)階層普遍入不敷出的經(jīng)濟狀況,這對進一步理解六朝時期南方“基本經(jīng)濟區(qū)”荊、揚二州官府、世家大族與小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)的變化,深化對該地區(qū)小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟惡化與生存應(yīng)對的認識,從而理解六朝時期南方政權(quán)統(tǒng)治削弱乃至崩潰,以及最終南北一統(tǒng)的根本原因。
[Abstract]:In the history of southern development, the six dynasties were undoubtedly the first critical period. With the relocation of a large number of Han people in the north, the small peasant economy of the six dynasties was restored and developed, and the exchange of commodities became more prosperous than in the north. As soon as the small farmers changed the economic outlook of the Qin and Han dynasties, the "people without cold and hungry," there was no family of a thousand gold. It presents complicated features of the times. This paper synthetically uses the documents of the three Kingdoms, the Book of Jin, and other documents unearthed in Changsha, Wujian, Chenzhou, and so on, and makes use of historical documents, historical metrology and sociological research methods, and revolves around the six dynasties' Jingjing. Yanger state small peasant economy environment, survival situation, income and expenditure situation and economic coping strategy and other topics to carry out research. First of all, the paper summarizes the warm and humid climate environment and abundant animal and plant resources in the six dynasties period of Jingjing, Yangerzhou, the people of the Central Plains moving southward, the population of the south continuously increasing, the number of agricultural water conservancy projects in Yangerzhou increasing. The agricultural technology and the yield per mu of agricultural paddy were improved, which summarized the agricultural economic situation and the unfavorable factors of agricultural development in the six dynasties. Secondly, the thesis analyzes the economic environment and the living conditions of small farmers more concretely from the point of view of finance and currency. During the period of Soon-Wu and the Eastern Jin and Southern dynasties, the government's financial income was long beyond its means, and the lack of money supply led to deflation, and the short circulation of money resulted in poor transactions, and the heavy tax on the market thwarted the enthusiasm of small farmers to engage in the exchange of commodities. Closely related to the life of small farmers rice cloth prices in a large fluctuations in the decline the burden of small farmers to pay taxes is also further aggravated the living standards of small farmers deteriorated gradually in the late Southern Dynasty the living conditions of small farmers are quite difficult. Third, the paper uses the method of historical measurement, discriminates the relatively limited historical data, through the analysis small farmer main consumer product price, has carried on the preliminary quantitative analysis to the six dynasties Jing, Yang two states small farmers' economic income and expenditure situation. To estimate the average annual economic income and economic expenditure of middle-level small farmers, the economic situation of the six dynasties Jingjing and Yangerzhou smallholder farmers is generally beyond their means. The small peasant economy of the six dynasties was constrained by three factors: natural disasters, war chaos, the invasion of the great clan and the gathering of government officials, while the living conditions of most small farmers in the two states of Yangzhou were only hovering around the line of food and clothing. In the late Southern Dynasty, many small farmers were not even guaranteed basic food and clothing. Therefore, the paper focuses on the small-scale farmers to reverse the worsening plight of the economy to take different strategies. There are three broad categories: one is to take an active part in market exchange, private loans and other channels to engage in all kinds of domestic workers, as an important supplement to the livelihood of small farmers; the other is to reduce government expenditure on taxes and servitude by means of conversion notes or official advances. Including mixed into the official flow, fraud to buy military honours, titles, into monks and Taoist households, record officials and private students, or through deception, bribery and other channels, false reporting of age and disease, or seek shade of large families, to avoid government recruitment and exploitation; Third, exiled to the weak areas controlled by the dynasty, such as entering the "Man" region, the Yamagawa Tun area, or from Jing and Yang zones to the northern regime territory or Lingnan region, which became a way for them to survive. To sum up, this paper mainly discusses the situation of small-scale peasant economy in the six dynasties and the strategies adopted by small-scale farmers to cope with the economic difficulties. Through the discussion of the structure of income and expenditure of small-scale peasant economy, this paper clarifies the economic situation in which the income and expenditure of small-scale farmers are generally beyond their means. This will further understand the changes in the structure of the southern "basic economic zone" in the southern part of the six dynasties, as well as the official offices of Yangerzhou, the patriarchal families and the small-scale peasant economy, and deepen the understanding of the deterioration and survival of the small-scale peasant economy in the region. So as to understand the six dynasties Southern regime weakened and even collapsed, as well as the ultimate cause of the unification of the North and South.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：廣西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K235

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