發(fā)布時間：2018-06-04 02:52

  本文選題：空氣質(zhì)量指數(shù)(AQI) + 首要污染物�。� 參考：《重慶醫(yī)科大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：目的:隨著我國城市經(jīng)濟的持續(xù)高速增長,各城市規(guī)模的不斷擴大,城市霧霾天氣也隨之大范圍頻繁的出現(xiàn),城市的空氣污染問題已成為我國當前最受關注的環(huán)境問題。日趨嚴重的空氣污染問題對資源、環(huán)境、居民健康都產(chǎn)生了日益巨大的威脅。在我國,空氣污染并不是某一個城市的問題,而是全國性大范圍地區(qū)的問題。加之,在中國空氣污染轉型的背景下,以PM10、SO2、NO2為必測參數(shù)計算得到的空氣污染指數(shù)(API)將無法準確表征我國現(xiàn)今空氣污染的實際情況。因此,國家環(huán)境保護部已于2013年發(fā)布了新的指數(shù)——空氣質(zhì)量指數(shù)(AQI)用來表示空氣質(zhì)量情況,且將對大氣能見度和人體健康有顯著影響的細顆粒物PM2.5納入常規(guī)污染物監(jiān)測中。本文旨在利用新頒布的定量描述空氣質(zhì)量狀況的無量綱指數(shù)——空氣質(zhì)量指數(shù)(AQI),來研究空氣污染在各省會城市的分布特征和變化趨勢,利用相關性分析研究AQI與氣象因素關系。最后,通過研究結果客觀反映我國環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量現(xiàn)狀,同時也為制定相應防治空氣污染的政策、法律法規(guī)提供合理的科學依據(jù)。方法:空氣質(zhì)量指數(shù)(AQI)數(shù)據(jù)來源于中華人民共和國環(huán)境保護部數(shù)據(jù)中心(http://datacenter.mep.gov.cn/index)公布的每日空氣質(zhì)量指數(shù)(AQI)、首要污染物和空氣質(zhì)量級別。氣象數(shù)據(jù)來源于web站點“Reliable Prognosis”(https://rp5.ru/中國天氣_)公開發(fā)布的每日氣象數(shù)據(jù)集,該網(wǎng)站的天氣數(shù)據(jù)由地面氣象站通過氣象數(shù)據(jù)國際自由交換系統(tǒng)提供。時段是2014年1月1日至2016年12月31日,選取了我國除了香港,澳門,臺灣之外的所有省會城市,共31個。利用Excel整理所收集的AQI和氣象數(shù)據(jù);運用專業(yè)軟件Arc GIS繪制統(tǒng)計地圖;采用SPSS的兩變量關聯(lián)性分析探究AQI與各氣象因素的相關性,P0.05為相關性顯著,相關系數(shù)大于零為正相關,小于零為負相關。最后,根據(jù)統(tǒng)計分析結果繪制圖表描述我國31個省會城市AQI的時空分布特征及其與氣象因素的相關性。結果:1我國北方城市AQI值高于南方城市,AQI值由北向南降低趨勢比較明顯,直至海口,AQI取得最低值;AQI高值區(qū)主要分布在華北平原地區(qū);2014年至2016年的年均AQI值及標準差分別98±25、91±22、88±22,直觀呈現(xiàn)出明顯下降趨勢;我國省會城市空氣質(zhì)量指數(shù)(AQI)以夏季作為轉折點,冬季到夏季AQI值大幅度降低,夏季之后AQI值逐漸升高,直至冬季升到最高,AQI值冬高夏低;但拉薩除外,拉薩的AQI值春季最高,另外三季AQI值變化不明顯;同時發(fā)現(xiàn)廣州的AQI值季節(jié)差異不明顯,北京AQI值冬季最高,春夏秋無明顯差異。2 31個省會城市空氣質(zhì)量污染天數(shù)比例排名前五位的城市是濟南(65%)、鄭州(59%)、武漢(53%)、北京(50%)、石家莊(49%);空氣質(zhì)量污染天數(shù)比例排名較低的五位城市是海口(2%)、昆明(2%)、福州(4%)、拉薩(7%)、貴陽(8%);2014年至2016年的污染天數(shù)比例分別為35%、29%、28%,年均污染天數(shù)逐年減少,空氣質(zhì)量有所改善;總體上看,北方城市污染天數(shù)(19%)比例大于南方城市(11%),北方城市一年空氣質(zhì)量較南方低。3在污染天數(shù)中,PM2.5是我國大部分省會城市的首要污染物,第二污染物為PM10、臭氧(8h O3);其中蘭州、呼和浩特、拉薩的首要污染物是PM10,第二污染物分別是PM2.5,PM2.5,臭氧(8h O3);PM2.5是我國七個地區(qū)全年和秋冬季的首要污染物;在春季,PM10是西北地區(qū)的首要污染物;在夏季,臭氧(8h O3)是我國七個地區(qū)的首要污染物。4七個地區(qū)(東北、西北、華北、華中、華東、西南、華南)的月均溫度與月均AQI呈負相關,相關系數(shù)分別為-0.740、-0.853、-0.684、-0.752、-0.653、-0.701、-0.599;四個地區(qū)(華中、西南、華南、華東)的月均濕度與月均AQI呈負相關,相關系數(shù)分別為-0.526、-0.519、-0.559、-0.553;兩個地區(qū)(華北、華東)的月均風速與月均AQI呈負相關,相關系數(shù)分別為-0.384、-0.451。結論:我國空氣質(zhì)量指數(shù)(AQI)整體表現(xiàn)出明顯的北高南低的空間特征和冬高夏低的季節(jié)特征;31個省會城市污染天數(shù)比例排名前五位的城市分別是濟南(65%)、鄭州(59%)、武漢(53%)、北京(50%)、石家莊(49%);污染天數(shù)比例排名后五位的城市分別是�？�(2%)、昆明(2%)、福州(4%)、拉薩(7%)、貴陽(8%);2014年至2016年的污染天數(shù)比例分別為35%、29%、28%,年均污染天數(shù)逐年減少,空氣質(zhì)量有所改善;北方城市污染天數(shù)(19%)比例大于南方城市(11%),北方城市一年空氣質(zhì)量較南方低;PM2.5是我國主要空氣污染物,其次是PM10、臭氧(8h O3);臭氧(8h O3)是我國在夏季的首要空氣污染物;PM10是我國西北地區(qū)在春季的首要空氣污染物;空氣質(zhì)量指數(shù)(AQI)與地區(qū)氣象因素(溫度、濕度、風速)存在顯著的負相關關系,溫度較高的夏季,AQI值反而較低,溫度較低的冬季,AQI值反而較高;濕度對區(qū)域AQI值有清除作用;風速的大小對區(qū)域AQI值變化有著直接影響,風速越大,AQI值越小,表明污染物越容易擴散,反之,風速越小,則表明污染物不易擴散。綜上可知,我國的空氣污染狀況在各城市各區(qū)域各季節(jié)具有不同的特征,且與地區(qū)氣象因素存在相關性,建議以區(qū)域為導向,根據(jù)各城市各區(qū)域實際的現(xiàn)狀制定符合當?shù)匚廴咎卣鞯姆乐畏桨浮?br/>[Abstract]:Objective: with the continuous and rapid growth of urban economy, the expansion of urban scale and the frequent occurrence of Urban Fog and haze, the problem of air pollution in cities has become the most important environmental problem in our country. The increasingly serious air pollution problem has produced an increasingly huge amount of resources, environment and residents' health. In China, air pollution is not a problem of a city, but a nationwide problem. In addition, in the context of the transition of air pollution in China, the air pollution index (API) calculated by PM10, SO2 and NO2 will not accurately represent the actual situation of air pollution in our country. Therefore, National ring In 2013, the Ministry of environment protection issued a new index, the air quality index (AQI), used to represent air quality, and the fine particulate matter, PM2.5, which had a significant impact on the visibility of the atmosphere and human health, was included in the conventional pollutant monitoring. The gas quality index (AQI) is used to study the distribution characteristics and change trend of air pollution in each provincial capital city. The relationship between AQI and meteorological factors is studied by correlation analysis. Finally, the present situation of environmental air quality in China is objectively reflected by the results of the study. At the same time, the policy of prevention and control of air pollution is also made, and the laws and regulations provide a reasonable scientific basis. Method: the air quality index (AQI) data came from the daily air quality index (AQI), primary pollutant and air quality level published by the People's Republic of China Ministry of environmental protection data center (http://datacenter.mep.gov.cn/index). The meteorological data came from the "Reliable Prognosis" of the web site (https://rp5.ru/ China weather). The weather data from the site is provided by the ground weather station through the international free exchange system of meteorological data. The time period is from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2016, and all the provincial capital cities in our country, except Hongkong, Macao and Taiwan, are selected. The collection of the collected AQI and meteorological data by Excel; The professional software Arc GIS draws the statistical map, and uses the two variable correlation analysis of SPSS to explore the correlation between AQI and various meteorological factors. P0.05 has a significant correlation, the correlation coefficient is more than zero as positive correlation and less than zero as negative correlation. Finally, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of AQI in China's provincial capital cities are drawn according to the statistical analysis results and the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the AQI are drawn. Results: 1 the value of AQI in northern cities of China is higher than that in southern cities. The decreasing trend of AQI value from north to south is obvious, and the minimum value of AQI is reached in Haikou. The high value area of AQI is mainly distributed in the North China Plain Area; the annual average AQI value and standard deviation of the year 2014 to 2016 are respectively 98 + 25,91 + 22,88 + 22, respectively. Trend; the air quality index (AQI) of the provincial capital city (AQI) is a turning point in summer, and the AQI value of winter to summer is greatly reduced. After summer, the AQI value rises gradually, until winter rises to the highest, and the AQI value is low in winter, but the AQI value of Lhasa is the highest in the spring and the AQI value of the other three seasons is not obvious; meanwhile, the AQI value of Guangzhou is found to be bad season. Not obvious, Beijing AQI value in winter is the highest, there is no obvious difference between spring and summer and autumn. The top five cities of air quality pollution in the 31 provincial cities are Ji'nan (65%), Zhengzhou (59%), Wuhan (53%), Beijing (50%), Shijiazhuang (49%); the five cities with lower air quality pollution days are Haikou (2%), Kunming (2%), Fuzhou (4%)). SA (7%) and Guiyang (8%); the proportion of polluted days from 2014 to 2016 were 35%, 29%, 28% respectively. The annual average pollution days decreased year by year, and the air quality was improved. In general, the proportion of polluted days (19%) in northern cities was greater than that of Southern cities (11%). The air quality of northern cities was lower than South.3 in the number of polluted days, and PM2.5 was most of the provincial capital in China. The first pollutant in the city, second pollutants is PM10, ozone (8h O3); the primary pollutant in Lanzhou, Hohhot and Lhasa is PM10, and the second pollutants are PM2.5, PM2.5, and ozone (8h O3); PM2.5 is the primary pollutant in the whole year and autumn and winter of the seven regions of our country; in spring, PM10 is the primary pollutant in the northwest region; in summer, ozone (8) H O3) is the primary pollutant.4 seven regions in seven regions of China (northeast, northwest, North China, central China, East China, southwest, Southern China) with monthly average temperature of AQI negative correlation, the correlation coefficient is -0.740, -0.853, -0.684, -0.752, -0.653, -0.701, -0.599; four regions (central China, southwest, Southern China, East China) monthly average humidity and monthly AQI is negatively correlated, The correlation coefficients are -0.526, -0.519, -0.559, -0.553; the monthly mean wind speed of the two regions (North China and East China) is negatively correlated with the monthly mean AQI, and the correlation coefficient is -0.384, respectively, -0.451. conclusion: the air quality index (AQI) in our country shows the distinct spatial characteristics of the North High South low and the seasonal characteristics of the low winter height and summer, and the number of the pollution days in the 31 provincial cities. The top five cities were Ji'nan (65%), Zhengzhou (59%), Wuhan (53%), Beijing (50%), and Shijiazhuang (49%), Haikou (2%), Kunming (2%), Fuzhou (4%), Lhasa (7%), Guiyang (8%), respectively, and the number of polluted days from 2014 to 2016 were respectively 35%, 29%, and annual average pollution days decreased year by year, Air quality is improved; the proportion of polluted days in northern cities (19%) is greater than that in southern cities (11%), and the air quality of northern cities is lower than that in the south. PM2.5 is the main air pollutant in China, followed by PM10, ozone (8h O3), and ozone (8h O3) is the primary air pollutant in our country in summer; PM10 is the primary air pollution in the northwest of China in spring. There is a significant negative correlation between the air quality index (AQI) and the regional meteorological factors (temperature, humidity, wind speed). In the summer of higher temperature, the AQI value is lower, and the AQI value is higher in the lower temperature in winter; the humidity has a clear effect on the regional AQI value; the wind speed has a direct influence on the regional AQI value, the greater the wind speed, the AQI value. The smaller, the more easily diffusion of pollutants, and conversely, the smaller the wind speed, it indicates that the pollutant is not easy to spread. As a result, the air pollution in our country has different characteristics in each city and each region, and has a correlation with the regional meteorological factors. It is suggested that the air pollution is based on the regional orientation, according to the actual status of the various cities and regions. Prevention and control of local pollution characteristics.
【學位授予單位】：重慶醫(yī)科大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：X51;X16

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