本文選題：塔式高層建筑 + 火災　； 參考：《中國礦業(yè)大學(北京)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：進入21世紀以來,塔式高層建筑的火災預防引起了人們的重視。由于塔式高層建筑的絕對高度和建筑布局的影響,當火災發(fā)生時,火勢容易自下而上迅速蔓延。塔式高層建筑火災的應急管理在我國還處于不完善階段。為了促進應急管理體系的建立,防范災害的發(fā)生,本文希望通過對“塔式高層建筑火災應急管理機制研究”,彌補現有理論的不足,并為實踐提供幫助。在論文結構方面,第一章為緒論,介紹本次研究的背景、意義、創(chuàng)新和論文架構。理論意義：彌補現有研究不完善。據目前所查證的資料顯示：關于塔式高層建筑類建筑物在突發(fā)火災下的應急管理,在突發(fā)事件應急管理中有關組織行為、組織結構和個人行為的表現以及組織的平戰(zhàn)結合—狀態(tài)切換；“人群管理”在事件處置過程中的應用等為過去的報道中未見或鮮見的。此次研究將彌補現有的研究空白,并為今后的研究奠定重要基礎。實踐意義：有助于從根本上解決當前實踐中存在的問題。本文對塔式高層建筑消防應急管理理論,針對單體建筑物多方面的管理和技術問題,結合計算機的應用,使所涉及的各部門深化系統(tǒng)管理的思想,簡化工作的步驟,將文字化的應急預案模式改變?yōu)榭梢暬�、量化、貼近應用的模式。本文的研究成果通過融入整體規(guī)劃,將直接服務于我國塔式高層建筑火災的應急管理工作,改進當前工作中存在的不足,防止隱患的發(fā)生。第二章介紹應急管理的相關理論,以及在研究中對事件進行分類的方法。應急管理屬于管理學的一個分支。它的內涵是指組織為應對各種突發(fā)危機情景所進行的規(guī)劃決策、動態(tài)調整、化解處理、員工訓練等活動的過程,其目的在于消除或降低突發(fā)性事件所帶來的威脅及損失。從外延來看,應急管理應當包括管理的設計與管理活動的實施兩個方面,因為在實踐當中,應急管理并不僅是對突發(fā)事件管理的預期,更需要通過行動執(zhí)行管理方案,真正將威脅降低。然后,分析火災應急管理的理論�；馂膽惫芾淼姆治�,可以看出其管理過程具有如下特點：第一,受到物理空間的影響。火災不同一般的危機,在各種物理空間下蔓延的速度和影響的范圍是不同的。所以對于火災實施應急管理必須針對建筑物本身的特點,分析由此可能引發(fā)的火災傳播途徑與速度,人群可以進行疏散的途徑等。只有科學分析物理空間的特點才能實現有效的“人群管理”。第二,人群恐慌的影響更為明顯。建筑物也是人群比較集中的地方。所以火災發(fā)生時人群的恐慌行為會非常明顯,并且較為集中。人群的恐慌行為將會造成混亂的局面,所以由此必須通過“人群管理”的方法來實現應急管理,即充分考慮到人的心理特征和行動期望,制定符合人群規(guī)律的應急管理方法。第三,對時間的要求更加嚴格。火災是一項蔓延速度極快的災害,所以必須在極短的時間內將應急管理的各項工作實施到位,否則可能帶來的影響就會擴大,引發(fā)更多的人和物的損失。所以相關部門必須在事情計算出針對本建筑設施的人群疏散速度,以便在火災發(fā)生時能夠有條不紊地疏導人群。第三章探討塔式高層建筑的特點與應急管理,并對火災事件進行了實證研究與分類。國外典型塔式高層建筑火災案例：2000年8月,莫斯科電視塔突然起火。在這場火災中,共有7人遇難,火災還造成莫斯科地區(qū)所有電視節(jié)目相繼停播,尋呼臺停止工作,甚至內務部和莫斯科急救系統(tǒng)的通訊也被迫中斷。俄總統(tǒng)普京說,這次緊急事故再次表明,俄羅斯的重要設施和整個國家的狀況不佳。第一,電視塔火災損失的嚴重性。從莫斯科電視塔事故的發(fā)生可以看出,其損失情況是比較嚴重。一方面帶來的人員的傷亡,另一方面更對電視塔的功能帶來了影響�；馂倪^后,電視塔的功能并不能馬上恢復。在此期間,電視塔的功能被部分擱置,使人們無法如往常獲取相關的信息。當然這些問題也同時會產生嚴重的經濟損失。所以莫斯科電視塔的火災也給大家敲響了警鐘,電視塔的火災具有更強的損失程度。第二,缺乏應急管理意識。按照應急管理理論,塔式高層建筑在日常工作中就應當注意防微杜漸,警惕各種火災隱患,進行預先處理。莫斯科電視塔是由于線路的超負荷所致,如果此前能夠建立監(jiān)督系統(tǒng),完全可以發(fā)現線路已經超負荷運轉,明確當前的溫度已經處于危險狀態(tài),以便及時防止火災發(fā)生。但是由于電視塔的工作人員并沒能具備應急管理的前瞻性,所以火災發(fā)生時無法縮小損失范圍。第三,應急管理的必要。莫斯科電視塔是國際知名的塔式高層建筑之一,它的火災使人們意識到了以往對電視塔應急管理的忽視。所以此后不少國家紛紛針對國內的電視塔研究應急管理的措施。這說明應急管理在塔式高層建筑的安全管理工作中是非常必要并且迫切的。雖然火災的發(fā)生概率并不高,但有準備的防范已是必不可少。對塔式高層建筑消防管理綜合評價是對塔式高層建筑平時狀態(tài)下的消防管理考核的重要手段和重要工具,具有廣泛的實用價值。在評價過程中,必須在評價指標的選取上緊密結合塔式高層建筑消防管理工作的實際情況,只有這樣才能將綜合評價的結果與實際情況做到基本相符。根據上述方法,我們可以對塔式高層建筑消防在置信水平λ為99%時候發(fā)現五個不同的分類分級,對全國的塔式高層建筑的消防管理工作提出方法,在實際管理中,對某個塔式高層建筑消防評價時可根據以往的的數據統(tǒng)計作出判斷,如在某個分類等級以下時候,就必須對此塔式高層建筑進行整改或改造,以達到安全的目的。第四章論述博弈論在本次研究中的應用。分析并結合塔式高層建筑的建筑高度,如果在火災發(fā)生時要求建筑內人員完全通過疏散樓梯有序的疏散到地面是不可能符合實際情況的。所以在參考很多消防疏散方面的資料和文章時發(fā)現,從事疏散問題研究的專家和學者通常建議在火災發(fā)生時人員不要通過“一般電梯”進行疏散,而所謂的“一般電梯”通常指的是沒有安全保障,在火災發(fā)生時容易由于斷電而中途停止運行,同時由于煙囪效應,這類電梯的電梯井會聚集大量煙氣危及電梯內人員安全,而且部分電梯內所使用的裝飾裝修材料為可燃甚至易燃物,本身就有發(fā)生火災或被引燃的可能性,這類電梯在火災時有較大的危險性所以不能用于疏散。而在塔式高層建筑建設中的消防及疏散電梯在火災時均使用消防專用電源,能保證在火災時電梯仍能在人員控制下正常運行,且每部電梯的前室均是正壓送風保證煙氣不會侵入,電梯本身也有防火措施。在塔式高層建筑消防人員疏散中,使用樓梯進行疏散的同時使用消防電梯及疏散電梯進行輔助疏散是合理同時比較符合實際情況的。塔式高層建筑內管理人員的決策目標、決策準則與預案的生成。在給出博弈路徑與支付向量的情況下,塔式高層建筑內管理人員需要決策：如何選擇各個階段的方案以使得在一定的決策準則之下多階段方案序列(預案)能夠達到決策目標。在此基礎上,第五章研究了塔式高層建筑火災應急管理體系的建立,包括消防人員、人群疏散、信息平臺和組織機構等多個方面的建設。塔式高層建筑火災應急管理預案是一項循環(huán)往復的工作過程,一次管理的結束并不意味著今后不再發(fā)生火災事件。所以本次研究所設計的應急管理預案也將模型設計為循環(huán)方式。通過長期系統(tǒng)的管理工作,塔式高層建筑火災的應急管理工作水平將會得到有效地提升,內部人員應對火災的恐慌心理也會隨之降低。火災應急管理預案體系的設計結合了塔式高層建筑的特點與實際工作的邏輯分析,符合實踐的需求，，對今后塔式高層建筑的火災應急管理工作具有積極的指導意義。論文在研究過程中充分應用文獻調研、案例分析、訪談、實證等多種研究方法,并在以下幾方面有所創(chuàng)新：第一,針對塔式高層建筑這一微觀建筑進行應急管理預案的設計。第二,本文系統(tǒng)總結了以塔式高層建筑應急管理為核心的各項理論及模型,創(chuàng)建了塔式高層建筑應急管理預案。第三,本文所提對策均服務于當前塔式高層建筑安全管理工作的實踐。
[Abstract]:Since the twenty-first Century, the fire prevention of tower type high-rise buildings has attracted people's attention. Due to the influence of the absolute height and the architectural layout of the tower high-rise buildings, the fire spread easily from the bottom to the top of the fire. The emergency management of the tower type high-rise building fire is still in the imperfect stage in our country. This article hopes to make up for the deficiency of the existing theory and provide help for the practice. In the structure of the paper, the first chapter is the introduction, introducing the background, significance, innovation and structure of the paper. According to the present information, it is shown that the emergency management of tower type high-rise buildings in the emergency fire, the organization behavior, the performance of organization and individual behavior in the emergency management, the combination of the organization and the state switching, and the application of "human group management" in the event disposal process. This study will make up for the existing research gap and lay an important foundation for the future research. Practical significance is helpful to solve the problems existing in the current practice. With the application of the computer, all the departments involved will deepen the thought of system management, simplify the steps of the work and change the model of the written emergency plan to the model of visualization, quantification and close to the application. The research results of this paper will directly serve the emergency management of the fire in the tower type high-rise building in China. The second chapter introduces the related theories of emergency management and the method of classification of events in the study. Emergency management belongs to a branch of management. Its connotation refers to the planning decision, dynamic adjustment and dissolving place of organizations to deal with all kinds of sudden crisis situations. The purpose of the process of training, such as staff training, is to eliminate or reduce the threat and loss caused by sudden events. From the extension, emergency management should include two aspects of the implementation of management design and management activities, because in practice, emergency management is not only the expectation of emergency management, but also the need for action. Then, analyze the theory of fire emergency management, and analyze the fire emergency management theory. The analysis of fire emergency management can see that the management process has the following characteristics: first, it is affected by the physical space. The fire is different in the general crisis, and the range of speed and influence in various physical spaces is different. The emergency management of fire must be aimed at the characteristics of the building itself, analysis of the possible ways and speed of fire propagation and the way people can evacuate, and so on. Only by scientific analysis of the characteristics of physical space can the effective "crowd management" be realized. Second, the influence of people panic is more obvious. The panic behavior of the crowd will be very obvious and concentrated. The panic behavior of the crowd will cause chaos, so it is necessary to realize the emergency management through the method of "crowd management", that is, the psychological characteristics and the action expectations of the people are fully taken into account, and the crowd rules are made to conform to the crowd rules. The emergency management method of law. Third, the demand for time is more stringent. Fire is a fast spreading disaster, so it is necessary to put the work of emergency management into place in a very short time, otherwise the possible impact will expand and cause more people and material losses. So the relevant departments must calculate it in the matter. In order to evacuate the crowd in this building, in order to easily guide the crowd in the case of fire. The third chapter discusses the characteristics and emergency management of the tower type high-rise buildings, and makes an empirical study and classification of the fire events. In August 2000, the fire case of the Moscow TV Tower was suddenly fired in August 2000. A total of 7 people were killed in the fire, and all television programs in the Moscow region were suspended, paging stations stopped working, and even the Ministry of the interior and the Moscow emergency system were forced to interrupt. President Putin said the emergency showed again that the important facilities in Russia and the country were in poor condition. First, television. From the occurrence of the Moscow TV Tower accident, it can be seen that the loss is more serious. On the one hand, the casualties and the function of the TV tower are more affected. After the fire, the function of the TV tower can not be recovered immediately. During this period, the function of the TV tower is partially shelved. People can't get relevant information as usual. Of course, these problems also cause serious economic losses. So the fire of the Moscow TV tower has also rounded the alarm. The fire of the TV tower has a stronger loss. Second, the lack of emergency management awareness. According to the theory of urgent management, tower type high-rise buildings are in daily work. Attention should be paid to prevention and treatment of various fire hazards and preprocessing of various fire hazards. The Moscow TV Tower is due to overloading of the line. If the supervision system has been established before, it can be found that the line has been overloaded and the current temperature is in a dangerous state so as to prevent the fire from happening in time. But because of it, it can prevent the fire from happening in time. The staff of the TV tower did not have the foresight of emergency management, so the fire could not reduce the scope of the loss. Third, the necessity of emergency management. The Moscow TV Tower is one of the internationally famous tower high-rise buildings. The fire caused people to realize the neglect of the emergency management of the TV tower. This shows that emergency management is very necessary and urgent in the safety management of tower high-rise buildings. Although the probability of the fire is not high, it is necessary to be prepared to prevent it. The comprehensive evaluation of the tower type high-rise building fire management is to build a tower type high-rise building. The important means and important tools of building fire management assessment under normal condition have extensive practical value. In the process of evaluation, the actual situation of fire management work of tower type high-rise buildings must be closely combined with the selection of evaluation indexes. Only in this way can the results of comprehensive evaluation be basically consistent with the actual situation. In this way, we can find five different classification and classifications for the tower type high-rise building when the confidence level is 99%, and put forward the methods for the fire management of the tower type high-rise buildings nationwide. In the actual management, the evaluation of a tower type high-rise building fire evaluation can be judged according to the previous data statistics, such as in a certain point. The tower type high-rise building must be rectify or reformed to achieve the purpose of safety. The fourth chapter discusses the application of the game theory in this study. It analyzes and combines the height of the tower type high-rise building, if it is required to evacuate the stairs to the ground completely through the evacuation staircase when the fire occurs. It is impossible to meet the actual situation. So in reference to a lot of fire evacuation information and articles, it is found that experts and scholars engaged in the study of evacuation problems usually suggest that people do not evacuate through "general elevators" when the fire occurs, and the so-called "general elevator" usually refers to the absence of security and the occurrence of a fire. At the same time, it is easy to stop running because of power failure. At the same time, because of the chimney effect, the elevator shaft of this kind of elevator will gather a lot of smoke to endanger the safety of the personnel in the elevator, and the decoration materials used in some elevators are flammable or flammable, and they have the possibility of fire or ignition. These elevators are larger in the fire. The fire and evacuation elevators in the tower type high-rise building use a special power supply for fire protection, which can guarantee the normal operation of the elevator under the control of the fire, and the front room of each elevator is a positive pressure supply to ensure that the smoke will not invade, and the elevator itself also has fire prevention measures. In the evacuation of tower type high-rise building, it is reasonable and more reasonable to use fire elevator and evacuate elevator to evacuate at the same time. The decision goals, decision criteria and plans are generated in the tower type high-rise building. In the case of game path and payment vector, the tower is a tower building. The management personnel in the high-rise building need to make decisions: how to choose the various stages of the plan so that the multi stage scheme sequence (plan) under the certain decision criteria can reach the decision goal. On this basis, the fifth chapter studies the establishment of fire emergency management system for tower type high-rise buildings, including firefighters, crowd evacuation and flat information. The emergency management plan for tower high-rise building fire emergency management is a cycle of work, and the end of one management does not mean that there is no fire in the future. Therefore, the emergency management plan designed by this research institute also sets the model into a cycle mode. The emergency management level of the tower type high-rise building fire will be improved effectively. The internal personnel should also reduce the panic mentality of the fire. The design of the fire emergency management plan system combined with the logical analysis of the characteristics and actual work of the tower type high-rise buildings, in line with the practical needs and the tower type high-rise buildings in the future. The work of fire emergency management has positive guiding significance. In the research process, the paper makes full use of literature research, case analysis, interview, empirical and other research methods, and some innovations are made in the following aspects: first, the design of emergency management plan for this micro building of tower high-rise building is designed. Second, this paper summarizes the system Based on the theory and model of the tower type high-rise building emergency management as the core, the emergency management plan for tower type high-rise buildings has been created. Third, the countermeasures mentioned in this paper serve the practice of the safety management of the tower type high-rise buildings.
【學位授予單位】：中國礦業(yè)大學(北京)
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：TU998.1

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