本文選題：城鄉(xiāng)收入差距 + 教育投資　； 參考：《東北財經(jīng)大學》2016年碩士論文

【摘要】：公平與效率是人類經(jīng)濟生活中的一對基本矛盾,而且它也一直是經(jīng)濟學界爭論的主要內(nèi)容。在我國開始加大對外開放力度及實行市場化改革以來的30多年中,我國的經(jīng)濟效率得到了極大的釋放,快速發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟令全世界所矚目,人民的收入水平也顯著提高了。與此同時,收入差距問題這把"達摩克利斯之劍"已經(jīng)悄然懸掛在我們的頭頂。國家統(tǒng)計局公布的2015年全國居民收入基尼系數(shù)是0.46,與國際上基尼系數(shù)0.40的警戒線標準相比,我國的收入差距問題已經(jīng)十分嚴重了,而城鄉(xiāng)收入差距問題尤為突出。如果不能很好地解決這個棘手的問題,它不僅僅可能會成為阻礙經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的重要原因,而且可能會破壞社會穩(wěn)定,造成社會撕裂。雖然在經(jīng)濟學界還沒有形成統(tǒng)一認可的收入分配理論體系,但也存在一些經(jīng)濟理論可以分析收入分配問題。其中,人力資本理論可以很好地從市場角度分析收入分配問題,人力資本投資的差距會導(dǎo)致收入分配的差距。但在現(xiàn)實情況中,我國城鄉(xiāng)間收入差距與城鄉(xiāng)間人力資本投資差距的關(guān)系卻是錯綜復(fù)雜的,如果能夠理清兩者之間的相互影響機制,就能夠為實現(xiàn)效率與公平的兼顧這一目標提供更多的理論與現(xiàn)實的支持。本文首先界定了收入差距與人力資本投資的概念,然后分別對國內(nèi)外相關(guān)的研究文獻進行了回顧與梳理,這為本文的撰寫提供了許多的思路與突破口。同時,本文又回顧了近三十多年來我國城鄉(xiāng)收入差距與人力資本投資差距的演進情況,本文用教育與醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生的資源分布與投入支出的變化情況來近似反映人力資本投資差距的演進。經(jīng)過描述性統(tǒng)計分析可以看出我國城鄉(xiāng)收入差距與人力資本投資差距的演進路徑存在一定程度的重合,差距都是先擴大,在近幾年又逐漸有變小的趨勢。然后本文在GolarZeira(1993)的理論框架基礎(chǔ)上進行了一定的擴展,從中國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的特點出發(fā),引入二元經(jīng)濟并存的假設(shè),即引入規(guī)模報酬不變的現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)部門與規(guī)模報酬遞減的傳統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)部門,并結(jié)合原理論中初始財富分配存在差異且信貸市場不完善的假設(shè),從理論角度分析了短期與長期內(nèi)個體選擇進行人力資本投資的決策與收入差距之間的影響機制。在理論分析的基礎(chǔ)上,本文通過構(gòu)建向量自回歸(VAR)模型結(jié)合1981年至2014年的數(shù)據(jù)實證分析了城鄉(xiāng)收入差距情況與人力資本投資差距之間的關(guān)系。本文的理論分析結(jié)果表明城鄉(xiāng)間財富與資源分配的差距可能導(dǎo)致城鄉(xiāng)人力資本投資差距拉大,而這又進一步拉大城鄉(xiāng)間的收入差距情況,形成"馬太效應(yīng)"。而實證分析所得出的結(jié)果也在很大程度上驗證了理論分析的結(jié)果,城鄉(xiāng)人力資本投資差距擴大是城鄉(xiāng)收入差距擴大的一個重要原因,而城鄉(xiāng)收入差距擴大可能是城鄉(xiāng)人力資本投資差距擴大的一個原因,但影響程度有限。根據(jù)這些研究結(jié)果,本文進一步提出了一些切實可行的建議政策,主要是從縮小城鄉(xiāng)間的教育與醫(yī)療保健的差距入手,加大對農(nóng)村地區(qū)教育投資的扶持力度,完善社會保障體系,提高農(nóng)村醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生水平,從而進一步縮小城鄉(xiāng)收入差距。當然,本論文存在著許多的不足之處,主要是體現(xiàn)在人力資本的測量問題,這是目前國際學界也沒有解決的問題,選擇教育與健康投資支出只能近似代表人力資本投資的情況,這就需要更加完善的且易于擬合現(xiàn)實的人力資本理論,且需要更加完備、時間跨度更長的數(shù)據(jù),這有待進一步的深入研究。
[Abstract]:Fairness and efficiency are a basic contradiction in human economic life, and it has always been the main content of the debate in the economic circle. In the 30 years since China began to expand its opening to the outside world and carry out the market-oriented reform, the economic efficiency of our country has been greatly released. The rapid development of the economy has made the world attention, the people of the world. The income gap has also increased significantly. At the same time, the income gap problem, the "sword of Damour Kris", has quietly hung over our heads. The National Bureau of statistics published the national income Gini coefficient of 0.46 in 2015, compared with the international Gini coefficient of 0.40 of the cordon standard, China's income gap problem is already very serious, The problem of income gap between urban and rural areas is particularly prominent. If this difficult problem can not be solved well, it can not only be an important cause of hindering economic development, but also may destroy social stability and cause social tear. Although there is no unified theory of income distribution in the economic circle, there are also some of them. Economic theory can analyze the problem of income distribution. Among them, human capital theory can analyze the distribution of income from the market angle well. The gap of human capital investment will lead to the gap of income distribution. However, in reality, the relationship between the income gap and the gap between urban and rural human capital is complicated. If we can clarify the mutual influence mechanism between the two, we can provide more theoretical and practical support for the goal of achieving both efficiency and fairness. Firstly, this paper defines the concept of income gap and human capital investment, and then reviews and combs the relevant research literature at home and abroad, which is a compilation of this article. Writing provides a lot of ideas and breakthroughs. At the same time, this paper also reviews the evolution of the gap between urban and rural income gap and human capital investment in China over the past thirty years. In this paper, the evolution of human capital investment gap is approximately reflected by the distribution of education and medical and health resources and the change of input and expenditure. It can be seen that there is a certain degree of coincidence between the urban-rural income gap and the evolution path of the investment gap between human capital and human capital. The gap is expanded first and gradually smaller in recent years. Then this paper has carried out a certain expansion on the basis of the theoretical framework of GolarZeira (1993), starting from the characteristics of China's economic development and introducing two. The hypothesis of the coexistence of yuan economy is to introduce the traditional production department with the constant return on scale and the traditional production department with diminishing returns on scale, and combine the hypothesis that the initial wealth distribution is different and the credit market is not perfect in the theory theory. From the theoretical point of view, the decision and income of human capital investment in the short-term and long term individual selection are analyzed. On the basis of theoretical analysis, this paper empirically analyses the relationship between the income gap between urban and rural areas and the gap between human capital investment by constructing the vector autoregressive (VAR) model combined with the data from 1981 to 2014. The theoretical analysis shows that the gap between wealth and resource allocation between urban and rural areas may lead to the gap between urban and rural wealth. The gap between urban and rural human capital investment has been widened, and this further draws the income gap between urban and rural areas to form the "Ma Tai effect". And the results of the empirical analysis also prove the result of theoretical analysis to a great extent. The expansion of the gap between urban and rural human capital investment is an important reason for the expansion of urban and rural income gap, and the income of urban and rural income. The widening gap may be one of the reasons for the expansion of the gap between urban and rural human capital investment, but the impact degree is limited. According to these results, this paper further puts forward some practical and feasible suggestions, mainly from reducing the gap between urban and rural education and health care, and increasing the support for education investment in rural areas, Good social security system, improve the level of rural medical and health, thus further narrowing the income gap between urban and rural areas. Of course, there are many shortcomings in this paper, which is mainly reflected in the measurement of human capital. This is the problem that the international academic circles have not solved at present. In the case of investment, it needs a more perfect and easy to fit human capital theory, and needs more complete and longer span data, which needs further research.

【學位授予單位】：東北財經(jīng)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：F124.7;F249.21

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