本文選題：人均耕地　切入點(diǎn)：人均收入　出處：《東北師范大學(xué)》2016年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：耕地是農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)主要的生產(chǎn)資料,也是家庭和個(gè)人最大的資產(chǎn),還是家庭的主要收入來源,因而搜集個(gè)人和家庭擁有的耕地?cái)?shù)量,尋找其變化的歷史軌跡,就可以解釋人均和戶均收入及其資產(chǎn)變化的內(nèi)在原因。這是本文研究的第一要義。同時(shí)影響人均戶均占有耕地及其收入和資產(chǎn)的因素很多,如墾殖率、人口、復(fù)種指數(shù)、休耕比率；研究這些因素與人均戶均占有耕地及其收入和資產(chǎn)的變動(dòng)關(guān)系是本文研究的第二要義。我們通過梳理中英在1393-1914年的人均戶均耕地面積的歷史數(shù)據(jù),從而進(jìn)行了中英人均戶均耕地的比較,來找到中英家庭和個(gè)人收入及其資產(chǎn)變化的歷史原因,實(shí)現(xiàn)中英兩國國民財(cái)富的比較。通過中英耕地墾殖率數(shù)據(jù)分析,中國內(nèi)地在1887年的墾殖率12%,仍然大大低于英國的1400年的墾殖率25.54%,需要說明的是,我們統(tǒng)計(jì)的僅是中國內(nèi)地地區(qū),即不包括西藏、新疆、青海、內(nèi)外蒙。中國內(nèi)地的墾殖率,從明初的6.35%,到1887年的12%,增長了近一倍。而中國的人口卻從6000多萬增長到4億多。這表明,中國的國土環(huán)境適合于農(nóng)耕的土地占比過低,我們的內(nèi)地地區(qū)平原過少,降水分布非常不均衡,因而人多地少,人均耕地面積大大低于英國。這是中國在1550年之前,勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率和人均收入落后英國的主要原因。通過中英種植結(jié)構(gòu)近代數(shù)據(jù)比較,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)中國的耕地主要用于糧食生產(chǎn),而英國用于經(jīng)濟(jì)作物,特別是在1750以后。這表明英國的耕地種植面積逐步轉(zhuǎn)向紡織原料、飼料和啤酒類等飲料的生產(chǎn)上,反映了英國人均收入的快速提高和消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)型。而中國還停留在求溫飽的水平上,中英兩國人均收入在近代的差距不是在縮小,而是進(jìn)一步拉大。通過中英耕作結(jié)構(gòu)的比較,中國在1380-1700年期間,中國復(fù)種指數(shù)從120%增長到140%,而英國復(fù)種指數(shù)基本為0%。英國的休耕率從1380年的40%,降到1700年的20%,中國休耕比率基本為0%。復(fù)種指數(shù)反映中國人多地少,對(duì)土地過分使用；休耕率反映了英國人少地多,讓土地休養(yǎng)生息,使土地合理利用。通過中英人均戶均耕地面積數(shù)據(jù)比較,我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),中英兩國人均戶均耕地面積都在下降,而英中人均耕地面積之差在縮小,從1393年的英中之差是19.94市畝,到1914年的1.19市畝。數(shù)據(jù)顯示,英國人均和戶均耕地下降的速度快于中國,這表明英國在后期的人口增長速度高于中國。但是中英人均和戶均耕地?cái)?shù)據(jù)的不斷縮小,并不代表中國的生產(chǎn)率接近了英國,恰恰相反,英國的勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率的增長速度大大快于中國。其原因就在于1550年之后,英國由于畜牧業(yè)和羊毛紡織業(yè)的發(fā)展,以及新航路的發(fā)現(xiàn),英國島國低成本航運(yùn)業(yè)的優(yōu)勢,物流成本的大為下降,相比較中國,英國又獲得了比人均耕地更大的競爭優(yōu)勢。這一時(shí)期,英國人均收入的提高,逐漸得益于毛紡織業(yè)發(fā)展,物流成本的下降和商業(yè)貿(mào)易的高速擴(kuò)張,英國逐漸由農(nóng)業(yè)立國轉(zhuǎn)型為工業(yè)立國和貿(mào)易立國。所以說,1550年之前的英國人均收入高于中國,主要是具有人均耕地的優(yōu)勢；1550年之后的英國人均收入大大高于中國,主要是畜牧業(yè)和紡織業(yè)的發(fā)展,以及貿(mào)易的發(fā)展,這些新型的經(jīng)濟(jì)是英國的主要競爭優(yōu)勢。
[Abstract]:Cultivated land is the main agricultural production is also the largest social, family and personal or family assets, the main source of income, and to collect the quantity of cultivated land to individuals and families have the history to find the change, you can explain the per capita household income and assets and change the intrinsic reason. This is the essence of this study. At the same time, many factors affect the per capita household possession of cultivated land and income and assets, such as planting rate, population, multiple cropping index, fallow ratio; of these factors and the per capita possession of cultivated land and the change of relationship between income and assets is second points in this study. We sort through Britain in 1393-1914 years of historical data of cultivated land area per capita thus, compared the per capita arable land, historical reasons to find a British family and personal income and assets change, achieve both in Chinese and English Comparison of national wealth. Through the analysis of land reclamation rate data, Chinese mainland in 1887 the reclamation rate of 12%, still significantly lower than the UK 1400 reclamation rate of 25.54%, that is, we only China mainland statistics, which does not include Tibet, Xinjiang, Qinghai, inner and Outer Mongolia. The reclamation rate of China the mainland, from early 6.35% to 12% in 1887, an increase of nearly doubled. China population has increased from about 60000000 to more than 400 million. This indicates that the China land environment suitable for farming land proportion is too low, the mainland area of our plain is too small, the rainfall distribution is very uneven, so fewer people and more, the per capita arable land area is much lower than that of the United Kingdom. It is China before 1550, labor productivity and per capita income behind Britain's main reasons. Through the planting structure of modern data comparison, we found that China agrarian landlord to be used for food The production, while the UK for economic crops, especially after 1750. This shows that the British farmland acreage gradually turned to the textile raw materials, feed and beer and other beverages production, reflects the transformation of British per capita income increased rapidly and the consumption structure. China still in seeking food and clothing on the level of the UK in modern times the per capita income gap is not narrowing, but further widening. By comparing the British farming structure, Chinese during 1380-1700 years, Chinese cropping index increased to 140% from 120%, while the UK cropping index is basically 0%. British fallow rate from 40% in 1380 to 20% in 1700, China fallow ratio 0%. multiple cropping index reflect Chinese much less, the excessive use of land; the fallow ratio reflects the British people less, let the land, the rational use of land by the British. The average number of per capita arable land area According to the comparison, we will find that the two countries per capita arable land area is decreasing, while the per capita arable land area is the difference in the narrow, from 1393 the difference is 19.94 mu, 1.19 mu in 1914. Data show that the UK's per capita and cultivated land decreased faster than the average China, suggesting that Britain is higher than China in the late growth rate of population. But the per capita and per household land data shrinking, does not represent Chinese productivity close to England, on the contrary, the British labor productivity growth rate significantly faster than Chinese. The reason is that after 1550, Britain because of the development of animal husbandry and wool textile industry, and the discovery of new en route, the British island low cost shipping industry advantage, the logistics cost is greatly decreased, compared to Chinese, Britain has achieved more than the per capita arable land competitive advantage. In this period, the British Increase in income, gradually due to the development of the textile industry, the rapid expansion of the logistics cost and decrease of commercial trade, Britain gradually by the Chinese agriculture transformation for industrial nations and trade. So, the per capita income before 1550 is higher than Chinese, mainly has both advantages of arable land per capita income in Britain; after 1550 is much higher than Chinese, mainly is the development of animal husbandry and textile industry, and the development of trade, the new economy is a major competitive advantage in the UK.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：K107;F319
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本文編號(hào)：1641187