本文關(guān)鍵詞： 行業(yè)收入差距 成因 經(jīng)濟(jì)效應(yīng) 作用機(jī)制　出處：《東北師范大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：改革開放以來,伴隨著居民收入水平的提高,居民收入差距也出現(xiàn)不斷擴(kuò)大的趨勢。1990-2012年,城鎮(zhèn)居民行業(yè)收入的基尼系數(shù)由0.058上升至0.175,擴(kuò)大了近2倍,年均增幅達(dá)5.1%；而同期城鎮(zhèn)居民收入差距僅擴(kuò)大38.4%,年均增幅僅有1.5%。這意味著行業(yè)收入差距擴(kuò)大的速度要遠(yuǎn)快于我國城鎮(zhèn)居民收入差距擴(kuò)大的速度,已成為城鎮(zhèn)居民收入差距不斷擴(kuò)大的最主要推手。更為重要的是,有別于城鄉(xiāng)差距和地區(qū)差距,行政壟斷等不合理因素導(dǎo)致的行業(yè)收入差距更容易誘發(fā)人們的不平衡心理,從而危及社會穩(wěn)定。實(shí)際上,某個行業(yè)勞動者獲得高收入并不一定是不合理的,最主要的是要考察致使行業(yè)收入差距形成的原因是否合理。如果勞動者的工資報(bào)酬取決于勞動者的受教育程度、年齡等個人特征的差異,并且能夠在行業(yè)之間進(jìn)行自由流動,由此產(chǎn)生的行業(yè)收入差距應(yīng)該可以視為合理的；如果壟斷行業(yè)的勞動者,其受教育程度的平均水平高于其他行業(yè),或其勞動者的工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)處于高收入分布段,那么處于壟斷行業(yè)的勞動者獲得高收入從某種意義上說也有合理的成分。我國行業(yè)收入差距問題逐漸從城鄉(xiāng)收入差距、區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)差距等多方面的收入差距中凸顯出來,導(dǎo)致了經(jīng)濟(jì)效率降低、社會階層矛盾加深、就業(yè)問題突出等各種經(jīng)濟(jì)社會問題。因此,對壟斷行業(yè)的劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),探尋并測度行業(yè)收入差距的形成機(jī)理,以及如何分解行業(yè)收入差距中合理部分和不合理部分是刻畫我國行業(yè)收入差距狀況的關(guān)鍵所在。此外,由于收入差距是伴隨經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的一個普遍存在的副產(chǎn)品,適度的行業(yè)收入差距是經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)健康發(fā)展的必要保障。但是,不同程度的收入差距,在不同的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長階段,對宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響有很大差異。因此,考察行業(yè)收入差距對我國宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)生的影響,有助于從理論層面上正確審視我國行業(yè)收入差距問題,這也是論文的出發(fā)點(diǎn)。本研究在系統(tǒng)梳理收入分配理論與行業(yè)收入差距理論的基礎(chǔ)上,構(gòu)建了我國行業(yè)收入差距的形成機(jī)制及其對宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)影響的綜合機(jī)制理論模型；根據(jù)改革開放以來我國行業(yè)收入差距變動的現(xiàn)實(shí)狀況,劃分行業(yè)收入差距的演變歷程；通過運(yùn)用近年來研究行業(yè)收入差距普遍采用的測度指標(biāo),從行業(yè)門類到行業(yè)大類,從全國到各地區(qū),多指標(biāo)多維度地刻畫我國行業(yè)收入差距現(xiàn)狀；綜合運(yùn)用宏觀統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)和微觀數(shù)據(jù)庫實(shí)證分析行業(yè)收入差距的成因及各影響因素的貢獻(xiàn)程度,運(yùn)用基于均值和基于分布的分解方法,分解壟斷行業(yè)和競爭行業(yè)工資收入中可解釋的部分和不可解釋的部分；運(yùn)用經(jīng)典的計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)方法,將行業(yè)收入差距放在整個宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行的基本態(tài)勢下進(jìn)行較為全面地考察,分析行業(yè)收入差距對經(jīng)濟(jì)增長、就業(yè)、消費(fèi)、產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)和金融發(fā)展的影響。本研究的主要發(fā)現(xiàn)包括：第一,改革開放以來,我國行業(yè)收入差距從整體上成不斷擴(kuò)大的趨勢,特別是在2003年后,行業(yè)收入差距始終在較高水平上平緩波動。行業(yè)屬性相差較大的行業(yè),其行業(yè)工資差距就越大,因此,行業(yè)屬性是決定行業(yè)收入差距的一個重要因素。此外,我國行業(yè)收入差距的變動存在著較強(qiáng)的區(qū)域同步性；同時,我國行業(yè)收入差距還存在著全國范圍內(nèi)的絕對β-收斂,以及中部地區(qū)和西部地區(qū)的俱樂部收斂。第二,行業(yè)特征對我國工業(yè)行業(yè)工資收入差距的解釋程度在60%以上,但隨著時間的推移行業(yè)特征的影響在逐步減少。其中,壟斷因素對差距的解釋程度也在逐年降低。第三,運(yùn)用城鎮(zhèn)住戶調(diào)查(UHS)微觀調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn),個人特征和行業(yè)特征是導(dǎo)致我國行業(yè)間工資收入差距的兩大關(guān)鍵因素。Shapley值分解結(jié)果表明,個體人力資本因素對行業(yè)收入差距的貢獻(xiàn)最大,能夠解釋全國收入差距的45%左右,所有制壟斷因素對行業(yè)收入差距的貢獻(xiàn)僅次于人力資本,已成為我國行業(yè)收入察覺到重要原因。第四,基于均值的Oaxaca-Blinder工資方程分解表明,行業(yè)工資收入差距中不可解釋的部分在逐漸增大,基于分布的FFL工資方程分解表明,處于工資分布低收入分位點(diǎn)的勞動者更容易因?yàn)樗幮袠I(yè)的不同而獲得明顯的工資差異。第五,我國行業(yè)收入差距與經(jīng)濟(jì)增長之間存在庫茲涅茨倒U型關(guān)系,而且我國的行業(yè)收入差距處于庫茲涅茨曲線的左半邊。第六,行業(yè)收入差距對失業(yè)率具有顯著的正向作用,行業(yè)收入差距的擴(kuò)大會提高失業(yè)率；我國行業(yè)收入差距對居民消費(fèi)率具有負(fù)向作用,行業(yè)收入差距過大會降低居民消費(fèi)水平；會提高第三產(chǎn)業(yè)產(chǎn)值占國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的比重,有利于產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化升級；我國金融發(fā)展水平的提高是行業(yè)收入差距擴(kuò)大的原因,金融發(fā)展在各行業(yè)中的非均衡發(fā)展顯著擴(kuò)大了行業(yè)收入差距。
[Abstract]:Since the reform and opening up, along with the increase of the income level, the income gap also appears a growing trend in.1990-2012 industry, the Gini coefficient of income of urban residents increased from 0.058 to 0.175, expanded by nearly 2 times the average annual growth rate of 5.1% over the same period; urban residents income gap only expanded by 38.4%, with an average annual growth rate of only 1.5%. means that the income gap between the industry expansion speed is far faster than the income gap of urban residents in China has become the main driving speed, the income gap between urban residents continue to expand. More importantly, unlike the urban-rural gap and regional disparities, leading to administrative monopoly unreasonable factors such as the income gap between the industry is more likely to cause people's psychological imbalance, thereby endangering social stability. In fact, some industry workers earn high incomes are not reasonable, the most important is to study the collection industry The reasons of gap formation is reasonable. If the wages of workers by workers in education, age and other personal characteristics, and can flow freely in the industry, the income gap between the industry should be regarded as reasonable as laborers; fruit of monopoly industries, the average level of education higher than other industries, or the working experience in the high income distribution, there is a monopoly industry workers earn high incomes in a sense also has reasonable composition. The income gap between the industry in China gradually from the income gap between urban and rural areas, highlight the regional economic gap and other aspects of the income gap, resulting in economic efficiency, enhance social stratum contradiction, employment problems of various economic and social problems. Therefore, the division standard of monopoly industry, explore and measure The formation mechanism of the income gap between the industry, and how to decompose the reasonable part of the income gap between the industry and the unreasonable part is the key to depict the income gap between industries in China. In addition, the income gap is a common by-product of economic growth, moderate income gap between industries is necessary to ensure sustained and healthy economic development. However, different degrees of income gap in different stages of economic growth, the impact on macro economy are different. Therefore, the impact of the income gap between the industry of China's macro economy, is helpful to correctly examine the industry income gap in China from the theoretical level, this is also the starting point of this research paper. Based on a systematic review of the theory of income distribution and income gap between the industry theory, integrated machine constructed the formation mechanism of the industry income gap in China and its influence on macro economy Business model; according to the actual situation changes in the income gap between the industry in China since reform and opening up, the evolution of the income gap between the industry division; by using the index of research in recent years is widely used in the income gap between the industry, from industry to industry categories, from national to regional, multi index and multi dimension to describe the status quo of industry income gap China; analysis on the integrated use of macro and micro empirical statistics database contribution factors of the income gap between the industry and the influence by the mean and the decomposition method based on Distribution Based on the decomposition part can be explained in part and can not explain the monopoly industry and competitive industry wages; using the econometric method of classic, will the income gap between the industry on the basic situation of the whole macro economy under a relatively comprehensive review and analysis of the income gap between the industry on economic growth , employment, consumption, industrial structure and financial development. The major findings of this study include: first, since the reform and opening up, the income gap between the industry of our country as a whole into a growing trend, especially after 2003, the income gap between the industry is at a higher level of gentle fluctuations. Industry attributes differ greatly in industry and the industry wage gap is bigger, therefore, the property industry is an important factor in determining the income gap between the industry. In addition, the income gap between the industry of our country changes have a strong regional synchronization; at the same time, the income gap between industries in China still exist absolute beta nationwide convergence, and the central region and Western club convergence. Second, to explain the extent of industry characteristics on the income gap between the industry wage in China is more than 60%, but with the passage of time the impact of the industry characteristics is gradually reduced. Among them, the monopoly To explain the extent of factors on the gap is reduced year by year. Third, using urban household survey (UHS) survey data found that the characteristics of individual industries is the result of.Shapley and the two key factors of China's industry wage income gap between the value of the decomposition results show that the contribution of individual human capital factors on the income gap between the industry's largest, can explain the national income gap of about 45%, with monopolistic ownership factors on the income gap between the industry after the human capital, has become China's industry revenue aware of the important reasons. In fourth, Oaxaca-Blinder average wage equation decomposition shows that based on the industry wage gap can not be explained in the part gradually increased, the distribution of FFL wage equation decomposition based on the distribution of wages of workers in low income quartiles more easily because of the different industries and wage difference. Fifth, I The Kuznets inverted U relationship between the income gap between the industry and economic growth, and China's income gap between industries in the left half of the Kuznets curve. Sixth, the income gap between the industry has significant positive effect on the unemployment rate, the income disparities will increase the unemployment rate; the income gap between the industry in China has a negative effect on the consumption rate, the income gap between the industry will reduce the level of consumption will increase third; industrial output value accounted for the proportion of gross domestic product, is conducive to the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure; the development of China's financial industry is to raise the level of the reasons of the widening income gap between financial development, unbalanced development in various industries to significantly expand the income gap between industries..

【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：F124.7

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