本文關(guān)鍵詞： 毛竹 ~(15N)示蹤 氮素利用率 高效響應(yīng)層 氮素?fù)p失　出處：《中國(guó)林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院》2016年博士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)是我國(guó)重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)和生態(tài)竹種,生長(zhǎng)周期短,產(chǎn)量高,養(yǎng)分需求量大,但受自身生長(zhǎng)特性和收獲方式等的影響,毛竹林養(yǎng)分歸還較少,生產(chǎn)上通常通過(guò)施肥來(lái)補(bǔ)充地力,尤其是氮肥施用非常普遍。然而,在當(dāng)前毛竹林經(jīng)營(yíng)中,為獲得更高的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益而大量施肥,造成了氮素利用率的持續(xù)下降和更大的環(huán)境壓力。在此背景下,如何提高氮素利用率、減少氮素?fù)p失,降低施氮對(duì)環(huán)境造成的不利影響,成為當(dāng)前實(shí)現(xiàn)毛竹林可持續(xù)經(jīng)營(yíng)的關(guān)鍵。本研究以安徽省黃山區(qū)毛竹純林為研究對(duì)象,運(yùn)用15N同位素示蹤技術(shù),采用溝施和穴施兩種處理,每個(gè)處理設(shè)置0~20 cm和20~40 cm兩個(gè)土壤層施肥,即0~20 cm溝施(T1)、20~40 cm溝施(T2)、0~20 cm穴施(T3)和20~40 cm穴施(T4),以不施肥作為空白對(duì)照,研究了毛竹林氮素去向以及毛竹氮素利用的根系效應(yīng)、根層效應(yīng)和年齡效應(yīng),探討了毛竹氮素吸收利用規(guī)律,確定了土壤養(yǎng)分高效響應(yīng)層、根系類(lèi)型以及重點(diǎn)管理年齡;同時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)了自換葉后、孕筍期、冬季養(yǎng)分積累期到發(fā)筍前四個(gè)關(guān)鍵生理期的土壤環(huán)境因子及其時(shí)空變化規(guī)律,構(gòu)建了毛竹林土壤環(huán)境因子指標(biāo)庫(kù),采用灰色關(guān)聯(lián)分析、典型相關(guān)分析和逐步回歸分析研究土壤各指標(biāo)與氮素利用率的關(guān)聯(lián)度,篩選了影響毛竹林氮素利用率的關(guān)鍵土壤環(huán)境因子。主要研究結(jié)果如下:1、毛竹林氮素去向主要包括竹株吸收利用、土壤殘留和氮素?fù)p失等3個(gè)方面6大方向,不同施肥處理毛竹林的氮素去向有差異。(1)施肥后,隨毛竹生長(zhǎng),氮素利用率呈先增加后減少的趨勢(shì),以孕筍期到冬季養(yǎng)分積累期的利用率最高;各施肥處理下,氮素利用狀況不同,以20~40 cm溝施的氮素利用率最高,達(dá)30.36%。(2)土壤氮?dú)埩綦S毛竹根系吸收及氮素?fù)p失而逐漸減少,并具有明顯的垂直分布特征。試驗(yàn)結(jié)束時(shí)(施肥后184天),各施肥處理毛竹林的氮素殘留率分別為15.20%、18.22%、20.59%和14.77%。(3)氮素?fù)p失是竹林氮素去向的重要部分,四種施肥處理毛竹林的氮素總損失率達(dá)51.42%~57.16%。其中,氨揮發(fā)損失、淋溶損失和硝化反硝化損失是毛竹林氮素?fù)p失的主要途徑,損失率分別達(dá)13.30%~16.57%、18.08%~20.99%和15.27%~21.35%,而徑流損失的氮素?fù)p失率最低,為1.43%~2.02%。各施肥處理中,深層施肥的氨揮發(fā)損失和徑流損失均低于淺層施肥,溝施的氨揮發(fā)損失和徑流損失均低于穴施;而淋溶損失卻表現(xiàn)出相反的規(guī)律,硝化反硝化損失未表現(xiàn)出一致的變化趨勢(shì)。2、毛竹氮素利用具有明顯的根系效應(yīng)、根層效應(yīng)和年齡效應(yīng)。(1)不同根系類(lèi)型(鞭根和蔸根)施肥處理下,毛竹對(duì)氮素的吸收利用狀況不同。氮素吸收速率和利用率總體表現(xiàn)為鞭根施肥處理高于蔸根施肥;試驗(yàn)結(jié)束時(shí),鞭根和蔸根施肥毛竹的氮素利用率分別為28.07%和26.93%。(2)不同根層施肥毛竹林的氮素吸收利用狀況差異較明顯。氮素總吸收速率表現(xiàn)為20~40cm根層施肥顯著高于0~20cm,氮素利用率也以20~40cm根層施肥較大;試驗(yàn)結(jié)束時(shí),0~20cm和20~40cm根層施肥毛竹的氮素利用率分別為27.09%和29.41%。(3)不同年齡的竹株對(duì)氮素的吸收利用狀況差異明顯。Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ度毛竹隨其生長(zhǎng)的階段吸收效率均表現(xiàn)為先升高后降低的趨勢(shì),其中Ⅰ度竹在各階段吸收效率最高;研究期內(nèi),Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ度毛竹的氮素利用率分別達(dá)13.29%、5.12%和3.55%。3、29個(gè)土壤環(huán)境因子中,土壤含水率、總孔隙度、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量、全磷含量、脲酶活性、細(xì)菌plfas量、c:n、n:p和土壤積溫是影響毛竹氮素利用率的關(guān)鍵因子。連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)了4個(gè)關(guān)鍵生理期內(nèi)毛竹林地土壤的物理、化學(xué)、酶活性和微生物等環(huán)境因子,計(jì)算了土壤c、n、p化學(xué)計(jì)量比,構(gòu)建了毛竹林土壤環(huán)境因子指標(biāo)庫(kù),分析了各土壤環(huán)境因子的時(shí)空變化規(guī)律。采用灰色關(guān)聯(lián)分析、典型相關(guān)分析和逐步回歸分析相結(jié)合的主因子篩選技術(shù)確定了影響氮素利用率的關(guān)鍵土壤環(huán)境因子。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),土壤環(huán)境狀況與土層深度關(guān)系密切,且土層不同,影響毛竹氮素吸收的關(guān)鍵因子有差異,綜合分析發(fā)現(xiàn),土壤含水率、總孔隙度、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量、全磷含量、脲酶活性、細(xì)菌plfas量、c:n、n:p和土壤積溫是影響氮素利用率的關(guān)鍵土壤環(huán)境因子。毛竹氮素利用存在明顯的規(guī)律性,且利用率受土壤環(huán)境因子的直接影響,研究結(jié)果為施肥技術(shù)提升提供了較強(qiáng)的理論支撐。不同根層施肥毛竹林的氮素利用狀況有差異,20~40cm根層施肥毛竹林的氮素利用率高、氮素?fù)p失少,建議作為毛竹林施肥區(qū)域;不同年齡竹株氮素利用能力不同,以Ⅰ度竹穴施利用率最高。因此,在毛竹施肥撫育中,建議以I度竹作為重點(diǎn)施肥對(duì)象,采用穴施,施肥深度控制在30 cm左右;同時(shí),土壤環(huán)境因子中以土壤含水率、總孔隙度和脲酶活性影響最大,施肥撫育時(shí)應(yīng)重點(diǎn)調(diào)控。
[Abstract]:Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) is China's important economic and ecological bamboo, short growth period, high yield, nutrient demand, but affected by their growth characteristics and harvest methods, less production of bamboo nutrient return, usually through fertilization to replenish soil fertility, especially nitrogen fertilizer is very common. However, in the bamboo forest management, in order to obtain more economic benefit and a lot of fertilization, resulting in decreased nitrogen utilization rate and greater pressure on the environment. Under this background, how to improve the utilization rate of nitrogen, reduce nitrogen loss and reduce the adverse effects of nitrogen on the environment caused by the current implementation of sustainable bamboo become key business. In this study, Anhui province Mount Huangshan District of bamboo pure forest as the research object, using 15N tracer technique, the furrow and hole two treatments, each treatment set 0~20 cm and 20~40 cm two soil layers Fertilization, namely 0~20 cm 20~40 cm (T1), furrow furrow (T2), 0~20 cm (T3) and 20~40 in cm fertilization (T4), with no fertilizer as the control of bamboo and bamboo root effect the fate of nitrogen and nitrogen utilization, root layer effect and effect of age, discusses the use of law of absorption bamboo n, define the soil nutrient efficient response layer, root type and key management age; while monitoring the self change of leaves, shoots pregnant period, winter nutrient accumulation period to shoot the first four key physiological period of soil environmental factors and its temporal and spatial variation, constructed of bamboo forest soil environmental factors index system by using grey correlation analysis, canonical correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis of various indicators of soil and nitrogen utilization rate of the degree of association, screening the key influence factors of soil nitrogen utilization rate of bamboo. The main results are as follows: 1, the fate of nitrogen main bamboo forest To include bamboo plant absorption and utilization, 3 aspects of soil and nitrogen losses in 6 different directions, the fate of nitrogen fertilization is different. Mao Zhulin (1) after fertilization, with bamboo growth, nitrogen utilization rate was decreased after increasing trend, the pregnant period to winter bamboo shoot nutrient accumulation in the highest utilization period all treatments; under the condition of different nitrogen to nitrogen utilization, 20~40 cm furrow utilization ratio was the highest, up to 30.36%. (2) residual nitrogen in soil with bamboo root absorption and nitrogen loss decreased gradually, and has the obvious vertical distribution. At the end of the experiment (184 days after fertilization, the nitrogen fertilization) Mao Zhulin the residual rate was 15.20%, 18.22%, 20.59% and 14.77%. (3) nitrogen loss is an important part of bamboo fate of nitrogen, four fertilizer treatments of Mao Zhulin's total N loss rate of 51.42%~57.16%., ammonia volatilization loss, leaching and nitrification and denitrification The loss is the main way of bamboo nitrogen loss, loss rate of 13.30%~16.57%, 18.08%~20.99% and 15.27%~21.35%, and the loss of nitrogen runoff loss was the lowest, 1.43%~2.02%. for all treatments, deep fertilization ammonia volatilization and runoff were lower than shallow furrow fertilization, ammonia volatilization and runoff were lower than the hole; the leaching loss has shown the opposite rule, the loss of nitrification did not show the same trend.2, with obvious effect of nitrogen utilization of bamboo root, root layer effect and effect of age. (1) types of root (rhizome and root root) treatments, nitrogen absorption and utilization of bamboo different. The rate of nitrogen uptake and utilization rate is higher than the overall performance of the stump root fertilization for rhizome and root fertilization; at the end of the experiment, the nitrogen and fertilization of bamboo rhizome and root stump root utilization rate were 28.07% and 26.93%. (2) is not Nitrogen fertilization of bamboo root layer absorption and utilization of obvious differences. The total nitrogen absorption rate is significantly higher than that of 0~20cm 20~40cm root zone fertilization, nitrogen utilization rate of 20~40cm to root zone fertilization greatly; at the end of the experiment, 0~20cm and 20~40cm in root zone of bamboo utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer were 27.09% and 29.41%. (3) of different ages the bamboo plants to absorb nitrogen utilization significantly. I, II and III of bamboo with the growth stage of absorption efficiency were first increased and then decreased, were bamboo in various stages of the absorption efficiency is the maximum; the study period, I, II and III of nitrogen of bamboo utilization rate of 13.29% respectively 5.12%, 3.55%.3,29 and soil environmental factors, soil water content, total porosity, organic matter content, total phosphorus content, urease activity, bacteria amount of PLFAs, c:n, n:p and soil temperature is the key factor to affect the bamboo utilization rate of nitrogen. Continuous monitoring of the physical, the bamboo forest soil 4 key physiological period of chemistry, enzyme activities and microbial and other environmental factors, the calculation of soil C, N, P stoichiometry, constructed of bamboo forest soil environmental factor index library, analyzes the law of the spatio-temporal variation of soil environmental factors. Using grey relational analysis canonical correlation analysis, stepwise regression analysis and principal factor combination screening technique to determine the effect of key factors of soil nitrogen utilization rate. The study found that the close relationship between soil environment and soil depth, and soil is different, the key factors affecting the nitrogen absorption of bamboo have difference, comprehensive analysis found that the total porosity of soil moisture. The content of organic matter, total phosphorus content, urease activity, bacteria amount of PLFAs, c:n, n:p and soil accumulated temperature is the key factor to influence the environmental factors of soil nitrogen utilization rate. The obvious regularity of nitrogen utilization of bamboo, and The utilization rate of soil directly affected by environmental factors. The research results provide theoretical support for the strong promotion. Nitrogen fertilization technology of different root layer fertilization of bamboo utilization have difference, 20~40cm layer of bamboo root nitrogen fertilization of high utilization rate, less loss of nitrogen, as Mao Zhulin recommended fertilization area; different age bamboo plants nitrogen utilization ability is different, I can with the highest utilization rate of bamboo. Therefore, fertilization in tending, suggested by I of bamboo as a key object by fertilizing, fertilization, fertilization depth control at about 30 cm; at the same time, soil environmental factors to soil water content, total porosity and urease activity should be the greatest impact, tending fertilization the focus of regulation and control.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S795.7

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