本文關鍵詞： 低碳運輸 陸路運輸系統(tǒng) 貨流轉移 流量分配 啟發(fā)式算法　出處：《北京交通大學》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：隨著全球經濟的快速發(fā)展,各行業(yè)對化石能源的消耗速度也逐漸加快。同時,大量溫室氣體的排放也導致大氣污染越來越嚴重,使得我國各地霧霾現(xiàn)象頻發(fā),嚴重威脅了人類的居住環(huán)境。面對日趨嚴重的溫室氣體增加,減少碳排放、發(fā)展綠色經濟已經成為各國政府的共識。作為能源消耗型產業(yè),交通運輸業(yè)是目前主要的能源消耗和碳排放源之一。因此對交通運輸業(yè)進行節(jié)能減排研究、探討合理有效的節(jié)能減排措施已經刻不容緩。公路和鐵路是我國陸路運輸?shù)膬纱蠓绞?承擔了大量貨物的運輸作業(yè)。鑒于鐵路運輸具有綠色環(huán)保、成本低廉的優(yōu)勢,引導公路貨流轉向鐵路成為降低交通運輸業(yè)碳排放的一項重要措施,對綠色交通運輸?shù)膶崿F(xiàn)具有重要作用。目前關于將公路貨流轉移至鐵路的研究還很欠缺,且多停留在定性分析方面,缺乏系統(tǒng)科學的定量化研究。本文在借鑒一些既有研究成果的基礎上,結合我國公路和鐵路運輸?shù)奶攸c,采用以最優(yōu)化理論方法進行定量分析為主、以定性分析方法為輔的研究思路,對低碳運輸下公鐵兩網之間貨流轉移及流量分配的相關問題進行深入的研究和探討,為綠色交通運輸?shù)陌l(fā)展提供新的研究思路和方法,具有重要的理論意義和實際價值。論文主要的工作具體如下：1、根據統(tǒng)計數(shù)據分析了近幾年公路和鐵路的運輸現(xiàn)狀和變化規(guī)律,主要包括里程、貨運量、貨運周轉量以及運輸能耗等方面。同時,利用能耗折算方法對公路和鐵路碳排放強度進行估算,為后文中部分參數(shù)的取值提供了參考。通過分析可知,近年來我國公路運輸和鐵路運輸?shù)呢涍\量和貨運周轉量總體呈現(xiàn)出上漲的姿態(tài),且在全社會貨運量和貨運周轉量中占據了較大的比例。同時,公路運輸消耗了大量的能源并產生大量的碳排放,完成相同換算周轉量的運輸作業(yè)時,公路的能源消耗和碳排放分別是鐵路的8倍左右,由此可見,若將公路運輸網絡的部分貨流轉移至鐵路,將產生巨大的能源節(jié)省和碳減排效果,符合低碳交通運輸?shù)陌l(fā)展趨勢。2、構建了減少碳排放的公鐵聯(lián)運路徑及運輸方式選擇優(yōu)化模型,該模型將以碳稅成本標定的碳排放成本納入到目標函數(shù)中,并同時考慮了運輸時限、流量守恒、碳排放總量限制等約束條件。文中設計了算例并通過Lingo 11.0優(yōu)化軟件實現(xiàn)求解。雖然本部分研究內容針對的只是給定兩個節(jié)點之間的一批貨物,無法很好的解決網絡層面的貨流轉移和流量分配優(yōu)化問題,但是公鐵聯(lián)運問題的研究還是對本文主要內容的研究起到了借鑒和啟示作用,主要包括貨運節(jié)點屬性擴展技術,模型構建時所需考慮的約束條件等方面。3、構建了低碳運輸下公鐵兩網之間貨流轉移優(yōu)化模型。模型以陸路運輸系統(tǒng)的運輸成本、節(jié)點內部的轉移成本以及在這兩個過程中產生的碳排放成本綜合最小化為目標,并考慮了碳排放總量限制、單股公路貨流最多只在一個節(jié)點進行轉移、公路運輸弧段和鐵路運輸弧段的能力限制、節(jié)點內部轉運能力限制以及貨物運到時限等約束條件。模型中設計了貨流轉移與否以及轉移節(jié)點選擇的0-1決策變量,使得貨流轉移方案得到了較為直觀的體現(xiàn)。4、設計了三種啟發(fā)式算法(并行禁忌搜索算法、自適應遺傳算法以及動態(tài)調整粒子群算法)對低碳運輸下公鐵兩網之間貨流轉移優(yōu)化模型進行求解,研究并詳述了三種算法的編碼方式、迭代策略以及算法流程,通過算例分析詳細對比了三種算法的求解效率。通過計算試驗發(fā)現(xiàn),動態(tài)調整粒子群算法的求解效果最好,這主要是因為粒子群算法不僅考慮個體之間的競爭關系,同時還考慮了個體之間的信息共享機制。5、構建了低碳運輸下公鐵兩網之問貨流轉移及流量分配綜合優(yōu)化模型,并進行算例求解。事實上,陸路運輸系統(tǒng)內貨流轉移和流量分配是相互影響的,首先,貨流轉移后,將對鐵路網的貨流結構產生重大的影響,此時需要對鐵路網貨流進行再分配。其次,鐵路網貨流再分配后可能會使得原來某些能力緊張的區(qū)段得到緩解,從而可以吸引公路貨流的進一步轉移。鑒于此,需要將貨流轉移和流量分配進行綜合優(yōu)化。本文結合鐵路網流量分配時所遵循的流量不可拆分特點和樹形徑路的特點構建相應的模型,并選擇第5章中求解效率較好的動態(tài)調整粒子群算法對基于樹形徑路原則的公鐵兩網之間貨流轉移及流量分配綜合優(yōu)化模型進行了求解。通過本文的研究可知,由于鐵路運輸在成本和碳排放方面的巨大優(yōu)勢,將部分公路貨流轉移至鐵路后,使得陸路運輸系統(tǒng)的碳排放總量和包含碳排放成本在內的運輸總成本都有了較大幅度的降低。本文的研究對減少交通運輸碳排放具有重要的意義,符合未來低碳經濟的發(fā)展趨勢。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of global economy, the consumption rate of fossil energy industry has gradually accelerated. At the same time, a large number of greenhouse gas emissions also cause air pollution is becoming more and more serious, making the country haze phenomenon occurred frequently in our country, a serious threat to human living environment. Facing the increasingly serious greenhouse gases increase, reduce carbon emissions, the development of green the economy has become the consensus of governments in the world. As a type of energy consumption industry, transportation industry is one of the main energy consumption and carbon emission sources at present. So the research of energy saving and emission reduction of transportation industry, to explore the reasonable and effective measures for energy saving and emission reduction has been imperative. Highway and railway is the two largest in China road transport, bear large quantities of goods transport operations. In view of the railway transportation has the green environmental protection, low cost advantages, to guide the highway freight railway transportation industry become lower An important measure of carbon emissions, which plays an important role in the realization of green transportation. At present the study of highway freight transfer to the railway is still lacking, and stays in qualitative analysis, lack of quantitative research on system science. This paper draw on the existing research results, combined with the characteristics of our country highway and railway transportation, using optimization theory and method for quantitative analysis based on qualitative analysis research methods supplemented, the problems related to low carbon transport between the rail freight network under two transfer and flow distribution of thorough study and discussion, to provide new research ideas and methods for the development of green transportation that has important theoretical significance and practical value. The main work is as follows: 1, according to the statistical data analysis of the transportation status quo and changes in recent years, highway and railway, the main To include the mileage, freight volume, freight turnover and transport energy consumption. At the same time, to estimate the carbon emission intensity of highway and railway through energy conversion methods, provides a reference value for some parameters in this paper. Through the analysis, in recent years, the freight volume and freight turnover in China overall road and rail transport show up posture, and occupy a larger proportion of the total freight volume and freight turnover. At the same time, road transport consumes a lot of energy and produce large amounts of carbon emissions, to complete the same conversion volume transport operations, energy consumption and carbon emissions of the highway were about 8 times. So if the railway, highway transportation network will be part of the transfer to the railway freight, will have a huge energy saving and carbon emission reduction effect, in line with the development trend of low carbon transportation.2, constructed to reduce carbon emissions The rail transport and transport path selection optimization model, the model will be calibrated to the carbon tax cost of the cost of carbon emissions into objective function, and considering transportation time, flow conservation, carbon emissions constraints. In this paper the design examples and solved by Lingo 11 software. Although optimization the content of this part of the study is given for between two nodes of a batch of goods, cargo transfer and flow distribution optimization to solve the problem of the network level is not very good, but the study of rail transport problems and Research on the main content of this paper plays a role of reference and revelation, including freight node attribute expansion technology, aspect when constructing the model to consider the constraint condition of.3, constructed between low carbon transport under the rail network optimization model. Two cargo transfer model to land transportation system transportation cost, node Transfer cost and internal cost of carbon emissions generated in the course of these two comprehensive minimum as the goal, and consider the total carbon emission limits, single strand road freight only one node in the transfer of highway transportation and railway transportation arc arc capacity constraints, node capacity constraints and internal transport of goods to time constraints. The model design of the 0-1 decision variables and transfer cargo transfer node selection, the freight transfer scheme has been more intuitive reflect.4, three kinds of heuristic algorithm design (parallel tabu search algorithm, adaptive genetic algorithm and dynamic adjustment of the particle swarm algorithm) transfer optimization model to solve the flow of goods between under the low-carbon transport rail network two, and describes three algorithm encoding, iterative strategy and algorithm flow, through numerical analysis were compared with three Computational efficiency of the algorithm. By calculating the test found that the best solution effect of dynamic adjustment of the particle swarm algorithm, this is mainly because the particle swarm algorithm is not only the competition relationship between individuals to consider, but also consider the individual information sharing mechanism among.5, constructed two rail network flow transfer and flow distribution Q comprehensive optimization model of low carbon transport, and for example. In fact, land transportation system within the cargo transfer and flow distribution is the mutual influence, first of all, after the transfer of goods, will have a significant impact on the flow structure of railway network, the need for redistribution of railway freight network. Secondly, the railway network flow redistribution after section the original some tension eased, and further transfer which can attract the flow of highway. In view of this, need to transfer cargo flow distribution and comprehensive optimization. In this paper. The railway network traffic distribution flow cannot be split characteristic and tree path corresponding model, and dynamic adjustment of particle selection algorithm better efficiency of solving group in Chapter fifth to solve the flow transfer and flow distribution comprehensive optimization model between rail tree path network based on the principle of the two through. This research indicates that because of the great advantages of railway transportation in terms of cost and carbon emissions, will be part of the highway freight transfer to the railway, the total cost of transportation land transportation system the total carbon emissions and carbon emissions are included cost are greatly reduced. The research of this paper has important carbon reducing transport the significance of emissions, with the future development trend of low-carbon economy.

【學位授予單位】：北京交通大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：U116
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本文編號：1447289