本文關(guān)鍵詞：海帶線粒體全基因組的解析及進(jìn)化研究　出處：《上海海洋大學(xué)》2016年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 海帶 線粒體基因組 系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化 線粒體結(jié)構(gòu)變異 遺傳多樣性 種質(zhì)退化

【摘要】：海帶是一種大型海洋經(jīng)濟(jì)型海藻,在優(yōu)化海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)、參與海洋碳循環(huán)、緩解海域富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化、調(diào)節(jié)海洋酸化、清潔養(yǎng)殖海水等方面發(fā)揮了重要的作用。我國(guó)的大型褐藻養(yǎng)殖業(yè)每年創(chuàng)造數(shù)億元的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,其多細(xì)胞大型藻體的種質(zhì)特性和海帶養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的長(zhǎng)久不衰是海帶生態(tài)價(jià)值和經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值得以發(fā)揮的重要因素。海帶種質(zhì)資源的保護(hù)和海帶養(yǎng)殖群體遺傳多樣性研究變得更有意義。在經(jīng)濟(jì)上,海帶被廣泛用于食品與工業(yè)生產(chǎn),作為原料之一被廣泛應(yīng)用于工業(yè)化工、生物制藥、食品加工、軍事等方面,與人類的生活生產(chǎn)有著十分密切的關(guān)系。在海洋生態(tài)中,作為海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的初級(jí)生產(chǎn)力,不僅能為海洋生物提供所需的生存環(huán)境,而且通過光合作用固定了大氣中的二氧化碳,提供了海洋生物所需的食物與氧氣,維持了海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的平衡與穩(wěn)定。我國(guó)作為海帶養(yǎng)殖大國(guó),海帶年產(chǎn)量位于世界前列,但在海帶長(zhǎng)期的繁育養(yǎng)殖生產(chǎn)過程中,品種間雜交的遺傳衰退和種質(zhì)的品質(zhì)下降等現(xiàn)象逐漸出現(xiàn),導(dǎo)致了我國(guó)海帶產(chǎn)量的大幅度下滑。從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)角度考慮,選育出優(yōu)良高產(chǎn)的種質(zhì)是海帶養(yǎng)殖業(yè)亟待解決的問題。為此,我們首先要做的就是了解目前野生海帶群體的遺傳多樣性,進(jìn)而從種質(zhì)選育方面提高我國(guó)海帶產(chǎn)量及質(zhì)量。線粒體是一種結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,DNA分子量小,能夠獨(dú)立復(fù)制,進(jìn)行母系遺傳且不易發(fā)生基因重組的細(xì)胞器,由于其穩(wěn)定的遺傳特性,線粒體被遺傳學(xué)家長(zhǎng)期作為研究群體遺傳學(xué)與進(jìn)化生物學(xué)的信息來源,成為研究生物線粒體DNA的功能模型,由于不易發(fā)生基因重組,可以對(duì)海帶品系線粒體基因組的基因及遺傳信息進(jìn)行各品系間的遺傳進(jìn)化關(guān)系、遺傳多樣性的分析。對(duì)于提高海帶產(chǎn)量及質(zhì)量、指導(dǎo)海帶的遺傳育種具有重要的意義。本研究對(duì)來自我國(guó)渤海沿岸、黃海沿岸的3株養(yǎng)殖個(gè)體和來自日本北部、俄羅斯東部以及德國(guó)北部沿海地區(qū)的7株野生個(gè)體等10株海帶品系Saccharina sp.ye-C5(NHD1939);Saccharina sp.ye-C6(NHD1940);Saccharina latissima ye-C14(NHD1941);Saccharina sp.ye-G(NHD1942);Saccharina sp.ye-C2(NHD1943);Saccharina sp.ye-C12(NHD1945);Saccharina sp.ye-F(NHD1946);Saccharina sp.ye-C(NHD1947);Saccharina sp.ye-B(NHD1948);Saccharina sp.ye-W(NHD1949)線粒體基因組進(jìn)行綜合的解析,首次對(duì)其各品系線粒體基因組進(jìn)行了DNA提取,并運(yùn)用生物信息學(xué)軟件對(duì)其線粒體基因組進(jìn)行了測(cè)序、拼接、注釋,得到了10株海帶品系線粒體的全基因組數(shù)據(jù)。統(tǒng)計(jì)了各品系基因數(shù)量皆為38個(gè),基因組大小從37,609bp到37,673bp,根據(jù)各品系線粒體結(jié)構(gòu)特征分別繪制了環(huán)形圖譜,為以后海帶品系的鑒定和進(jìn)化研究奠定了基礎(chǔ)。同已測(cè)序的其他12種褐藻線粒體基因組核酸序列一并構(gòu)建了系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化樹,確定了各品系之間親緣關(guān)系及進(jìn)化關(guān)系:Saccharina sp.ye-C12、Saccharina sp.ye-C2、Saccharina sp.ye-W與日本真海帶Saccharina sp.ye-C6的親緣關(guān)系相對(duì)較近;Saccharina sp.ye-B、Saccharina sp.ye-G和Saccharina sp.ye-F之間有比較近的親緣關(guān)系;Saccharina sp.ye-C5、長(zhǎng)葉海帶同屬一枝;Saccharina sp.ye-C、革質(zhì)海帶有著較近的親緣關(guān)系;Saccharina latissima ye-C14與Saccharina latissima親緣關(guān)系較近。本研究首次全面對(duì)養(yǎng)殖和野生等10種海帶品系進(jìn)行了測(cè)序,為群體遺傳的研究提供了基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)來源。本研究通過對(duì)10株海帶品系線粒體的單核苷酸變異分析,運(yùn)用生物信息學(xué)相關(guān)的軟件,以Saccharina japonica為參考品系,繪制了本研究中的10株海帶品系線粒體基因位點(diǎn)變異及基因排列示意圖與系統(tǒng)發(fā)育進(jìn)化樹。通過比較進(jìn)化關(guān)系推測(cè)目前我國(guó)海帶的養(yǎng)殖品種基本上都來源于日本北部的一種野生海帶(真海帶Saccharina sp.ye-C6),推測(cè)引種的過于單一和單一種質(zhì)之間的連續(xù)自交,使得我國(guó)海帶養(yǎng)殖品種遺傳多樣性迅速下降;通過基因位點(diǎn)變異研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與養(yǎng)殖品系相比野生品系具有較高的遺傳多樣性,養(yǎng)殖品系遺傳多樣性較為單一,從而找到了養(yǎng)殖品種種質(zhì)退化的遺傳學(xué)證據(jù);通過基因排列示意圖可以看出,10株海帶品系線粒體基因沒有發(fā)生大規(guī)模的基因重排的現(xiàn)象,說明海帶屬發(fā)生分化時(shí)間較短,內(nèi)部并沒有發(fā)生較大的變異。
[Abstract]:Kelp is a large marine economic algae, in the optimization of marine ecosystem structure in the marine carbon cycle, alleviate eutrophication, regulate ocean acidification, play an important role in clean aquaculture and so on. Our kelp aquaculture annually to create hundreds of millions of dollars in economic benefits, the large multicellular algae germplasm the characteristics and the enduring kelp aquaculture is an important factor in ecological value and economic value. The kelp Laminaria germplasm resources protection and cultivation of Laminaria genetic diversity research moremeaningful. Economically, kelp is widely used in food and industrial production, as one of the raw materials have been widely used in chemical industry, bio pharmaceutical, food processing, military and other aspects, and has a very close relation with human life. In the marine ecosystem, as the primary productivity in the marine ecosystem And not only can provide the environment for the survival of marine organisms, but also through photosynthesis of atmospheric CO2, provide food and oxygen of marine organisms required, to maintain the balance and stability of the marine ecosystem in China. As the kelp farming country, kelp production in the world, but in the long-term breeding the production process of kelp, the phenomenon of varieties of hybrid genetic germplasm and declining quality decreased gradually, resulting in China's large kelp production decline. From a long-term point of view, with excellent quality and high yield is the kelp aquaculture problems to be solved. Therefore, the first thing we should do is to understand the current genetic diversity wild populations of Laminaria japonica, and improve the quality and yield of China from kelp germplasm breeding. Mitochondria is a kind of simple structure, small molecular weight DNA, capable of independent replication of Maternally inherited organelles and not easy recombination occur, due to its stable genetic characteristics, mitochondria are long-term studies of population genetics as geneticists and evolutionary biology of the sources of information, become the study of biological function model of mitochondrial DNA gene is not easy to happen due to heavy group of Laminaria japonica strains of genes in the mitochondrial genome and genetic information the genetic relationships between strains, analysis of genetic diversity. To improve the quality and yield of kelp, plays an important role in genetic breeding. The research on the guidance of kelp from China's Bohai coast, the Yellow Sea Coast 3 strains of breeding individuals and from northern Japan, eastern Russia and Germany in Northern coastal areas of the 7 strains wild individuals of 10 strains of Laminaria japonica strains Saccharina sp.ye-C5 (NHD1939); Saccharina sp.ye-C6 (NHD1940); Saccharina latissima ye-C14 (NHD1941); Saccharina sp.ye-G (NHD1942); Saccharina sp.ye-C2 (NHD1943); Saccharina sp.ye-C12 (NHD1945); Saccharina sp.ye-F (NHD1946); Saccharina sp.ye-C (NHD1947); Saccharina sp.ye-B (NHD1948); Saccharina sp.ye-W (NHD1949) in mitochondrial genome of comprehensive analysis, the strains of mitochondrial genome DNA extraction, and the use of bioinformatics the software was sequenced on the mitochondrial genome splicing, annotation, obtained the genome data of 10 strains of Laminaria japonica strains of mitochondria. Calculated the number of each strain were 38 genes, genome size from 37609bp to 37673bp, according to the structural characteristics of the mitochondrial DNA thendrew ring map, laid the foundation for identification and evolution for the future research of kelp lines. With the other 12 species of brown algae have sequenced the mitochondrial genome sequence together with the phylogenetic tree was constructed to determine the relationship between, the lines The relationship and evolutionary relationships: Saccharina sp.ye-C12, Saccharina sp.ye-C2, Saccharina sp.ye-W and related Saccharina sp.ye-C6 Japan kelp relatively close; Saccharina sp.ye-B, have similar relationship between Saccharina sp.ye-G and Saccharina sp.ye-F; Saccharina sp.ye-C5, Ye Haidai Saccharina sp.ye-C, belong to the same branch; leathery kelp has a closer relationship; latissima ye-C14 and Saccharina Saccharina near latissima. This study is the first comprehensive phylogenetic relationship of cultured and wild 10 Laminaria japonica strains were sequenced, provides data sources for population genetic studies. The single nucleotide variation of 10 strains of kelp mitochondrial DNA analysis, using bioinformatics software, to Saccharina japonica as the reference strains, were drawn in the study of 10 strains of Laminaria japonica strains mitochondrial gene loci Genetic variation and phylogenetic tree and schematic arrangement of system development. Through the comparison of the evolutionary relationships that at present our country kelp breed basically comes from a wild kelp in northern Japan (Saccharina sp.ye-C6, kelp) were introduced that is single and single germplasm between, making China's genetic diversity of kelp varieties of rapid decline; through the study of mutation loci, genetic diversity compared with the wild strain breeding strains with high resistance, breeding strains of genetic diversity is relatively single, and found genetic evidence of degradation breeding germplasm; the gene schematic arrangement of mitochondrial genes can be seen, 10 strains of Laminaria japonica strains did not occur the phenomenon of large-scale gene rearrangement, indicating Laminaria differentiation occurred in a relatively short time, and there is no greater variation.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海海洋大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S917.3

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