本文關(guān)鍵詞：20世紀(jì)50年代南京地區(qū)婦幼保健工作研究　出處：《南京大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 五十年代 婦幼保健 新法接生 勞動保健

【摘要】：婦女是國家建設(shè)的重要力量,嬰幼兒是國家生命力所在,"婦女的健康不僅僅只是某一人群的健康問題,它涉及到計(jì)劃生育、人口控制、未來人口健康及社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展等重大問題"。①因此婦嬰群體的健康歷來都是各屆政府所關(guān)注的問題。1949年中華人民共和國成立后,婦幼保健工作是國家建設(shè)的首要任務(wù)之一,也是新生政權(quán)首次與普通大眾接觸的事件之一,對于考察20世紀(jì)50年代政治環(huán)境下政令上行下效的彈性空間具備一定的研究價值。而傳統(tǒng)史學(xué)觀下的著述,難以突破"精英史觀"和"宏大敘事"的論述模式,難以客觀全面地展現(xiàn)底層群眾真實(shí)的生活圖景。關(guān)于建國初期婦幼保健工作的研究大多停留于文本政策的描述與分析,缺乏細(xì)致深入的社會實(shí)踐的考察與評估。因而讀者對基層?jì)D幼保健工作的實(shí)際情況知之甚少。本文將以20世紀(jì)50年代南京地區(qū)婦幼保健工作開展的歷史進(jìn)程為著眼點(diǎn),以檔案資料、地方志匯編為第一手資料,以通史類著作、報刊資料為補(bǔ)充,參考相關(guān)論文、專著研究的成果,采用實(shí)證研究方法和數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)方法,依據(jù)歷史唯物主義觀點(diǎn),綜合運(yùn)用歷史學(xué)和社會學(xué)的相關(guān)理論,考察20世紀(jì)50年代南京地區(qū)婦幼保健工作開展的具體情況,分析不同時期婦幼保健工作所呈現(xiàn)出來的階段性特征,綜合評析在婦幼保健網(wǎng)建設(shè)過程中的得與失,以及婦幼保健網(wǎng)建設(shè)對社會發(fā)展的重大影響。本文將分三個章節(jié)來闡述相關(guān)問題。第一章主要介紹20世紀(jì)50年代南京地區(qū)婦幼保健工作的源起。本章從三個方面入手,探討南京地區(qū)婦幼保健工作開展的歷史基礎(chǔ)。(一)南京作為中華民國的首都,曾較早地開展過婦幼保健工作,有一定的歷史基礎(chǔ)和工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)。(二)革命戰(zhàn)爭年代,中國共產(chǎn)黨在各根據(jù)地也出臺過一系列關(guān)注婦女權(quán)益和婦嬰健康的政策。20世紀(jì)50年代南京市及周邊郊縣所開展的一系列婦幼保健工作,在不同程度上延續(xù)了中共根據(jù)地時期的婦嬰政策。(三)蘇聯(lián)作為社會主義陣營"老大哥",在這個方面的政策和實(shí)踐對20世紀(jì)50年代中國婦幼保健工作的開展起到示范作用,有些做法被直接照搬過來。此外,作者通過對全國嚴(yán)峻的生育現(xiàn)狀、人口結(jié)構(gòu)和勞動力需求的國情分析研究,探討開展婦幼保健工作的必要性和迫切性。第二章主要探討的是20世紀(jì)50年代南京地區(qū)婦幼保健工作的具體開展情況。本章作為主體部分,分三節(jié)展開論述。第一節(jié)首先詳細(xì)介紹了解放前后南京地區(qū)婦幼保健工作的現(xiàn)狀,通過對醫(yī)療資源情況、生育現(xiàn)狀的數(shù)據(jù)分析,呈現(xiàn)了20世紀(jì)50年代南京地區(qū)婦幼保健工作的實(shí)施基礎(chǔ)和開展婦幼保健工作的緊迫性。其次根據(jù)20世紀(jì)50年代婦幼保健工作漸次開展的實(shí)際情況,從總體上將這個時期的相關(guān)工作劃分為兩大階段,并概述了兩個階段不同的指導(dǎo)思想和工作側(cè)重。第二節(jié)具體闡述了 1949年5月—1952年南京地區(qū)婦幼保健工作開展的情況。文中提到,為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地區(qū)婦幼保健工作的順利開展,市、區(qū)、縣政府建立了三級衛(wèi)生行政機(jī)構(gòu)。與此同時,接管和增設(shè)各級醫(yī)療專業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)工作也不斷跟進(jìn),使市級、區(qū)級、縣級都有專業(yè)性的醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)開展具體工作。這個階段的重點(diǎn)工作大多與臨床醫(yī)學(xué)有關(guān)。具體包括(一)通過密集的專業(yè)技術(shù)培訓(xùn),確保一線接生人員破除迷信,摒棄陋習(xí),用新法接生逐步取代傳統(tǒng)接生法。(二)從城區(qū)大中醫(yī)院抽調(diào)專業(yè)人員組成流動工作隊(duì),深入郊縣開展宣教工作,指導(dǎo)農(nóng)村地區(qū)婦幼保健工作。(三)大力推廣精神性無痛分娩技術(shù),減輕產(chǎn)婦的分娩痛苦。第三節(jié)具體闡述了1952年—1959年南京地區(qū)婦幼保健工作開展的具體情況。這一階段是南京地區(qū)婦幼保健工作集中發(fā)展階段,工作側(cè)重在預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué)層面,重視工作的綜合性和整體性。這一階段新增了省級衛(wèi)生行政管理機(jī)構(gòu),調(diào)整了市縣兩級衛(wèi)生行政管理機(jī)構(gòu),使各級衛(wèi)生行政機(jī)構(gòu)能更好地開展工作。與此同時,各級醫(yī)療專業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)也進(jìn)行了相應(yīng)的調(diào)整與充實(shí),婦幼保健類醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)數(shù)量逐步增加,規(guī)模進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大,服務(wù)范圍進(jìn)一步延伸。這一階段的主要工作涉及加強(qiáng)接生隊(duì)伍管理、進(jìn)一步普及新法接生、鞏固充實(shí)婦幼保健網(wǎng)、開展婦科病普查普治、立法保護(hù)勞動?jì)D女健康、加強(qiáng)孕期保健、產(chǎn)前檢查、產(chǎn)后檢查和哺乳期保健等。第三章的主要內(nèi)容是評析20世紀(jì)50年代南京地區(qū)婦幼保健工作的成績和不足。論文指出,當(dāng)時取得的成績是毋庸置疑的。覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)的三級婦幼保健網(wǎng)的建立,新法接生的普及,婦嬰死亡率的大幅度降低,勞動?jì)D女群體健康狀況的顯著改善、醫(yī)療工作者業(yè)務(wù)水平的日益提高,以及城鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生條件的逐步改善等,都充分顯示了這一階段的工作績效。但是由于一些主客觀因素的影響,這一階段的相關(guān)工作與預(yù)期目標(biāo)還存在顯著差距。其具體表現(xiàn)包括:(一)由于此前長期的戰(zhàn)亂破壞,經(jīng)濟(jì)凋敝,當(dāng)時國家財力十分有限,20世紀(jì)50年代南京地區(qū)婦幼保健工作的開展缺乏國家財政的有力支持。這必然嚴(yán)重地影響到相關(guān)工作的深度、廣度和速度。(二)為了彌補(bǔ)資金和資源等方面的短板,這項(xiàng)工作不得不主要借助社會動員和群眾運(yùn)動的方式開展,結(jié)果導(dǎo)致"敷衍了事"和"假、大、空"現(xiàn)象普遍存在。(三)后期隨著工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)發(fā)展的需要,廣大婦女紛紛加入勞動大軍。在緊迫的經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)任務(wù)面前,婦女保健工作在各級政府議事日程上的重要性不斷降低,結(jié)果導(dǎo)致許多婦幼保健措施成為擺設(shè)。
[Abstract]:Women are an important force in the development of the country, is the national infant vitality, "women's health is not only the health problems of a population, population control relates to the planning, major issues of future population health and the development of social economy. Therefore maternal and infant population health has always been the concern of the government.1949 years after the establishment of People's Republic of China, MCH work is one of the most important tasks of nation building, is one of the new regime for the first time in contact with the general public events, have certain research value for elastic space environment study in 1950s, the political decree permeates the traditional view of historiography. The writings, difficult to break through the" elite history "and" grand "narrative paradigm is difficult to objectively show the true picture of life at the bottom. On the research of maternal and child health work early Description and analysis of the text mostly stay in the policy, the lack of investigation and evaluation of social practice thoroughly. Thus the reader understood the actual situation of maternal and child health care work at the grass-roots level is known. This paper will focus on the historical process of maternal and child health care in Nanjing area in 1950s to carry out the archives, local chronicles compilation of first hand. In history books, newspapers and periodicals as a supplement, refer to the relevant papers, monographs, research results, using the empirical research method and data statistics method, on the basis of the historical materialism, the comprehensive use of relevant theories of history and sociology, the specific circumstances of maternal and child health care in Nanjing area in 1950s to carry out the analysis of maternal and child health care work in different stage characteristics during the show, in the process of comprehensive evaluation of maternal and child health care network construction of gain and loss, and maternal and child health network construction A significant impact on social development. This paper is divided into three chapters to discuss the related problems. The first chapter mainly introduces the origin of 1950s in Nanjing maternal and child health. This chapter from three aspects, discusses the historical basis of maternal and child health care in Nanjing areas. (a) Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China, had earlier carried out a maternal and child health care work, has a certain historical basis and experience. (two) the revolutionary war, the Communist Party of Chinese in a series of maternal and child health care work of the introduction of a series of focus on the rights of women and maternal and child health policy.20 in 50s in Nanjing city and the surrounding counties to carry out, in different degrees, the continuation of the CPC according to the period of the maternal and child policy. (three) the Soviet socialist camp as a "big brother", policy and practice in the aspects of health of maternal and child Chinese 1950s To play the exemplary role, some practices are copied directly. In addition, the author of the reproductive status of the serious analysis, research on the population structure and labor demand conditions, discusses the necessity and urgency to carry out the MCH work. The second chapter mainly discusses the 1950s Nanjing area of maternal and child health work carried out the specific. Chapter as the main part, divided into three sections. The first section discusses the details of the situation before and after the liberation of Nanjing area of maternal and child health, through the reproductive status of medical resources, data analysis, urgency presents implementation of basic 1950s in Nanjing maternal and child health and development of maternal and child health. Secondly according to the actual situation maternal and child health care work in 1950s developed gradually, in general this period of work is divided into two stages, and An overview of the different guidelines and two stages. The second section elaborates on May 1949 1952 in Nanjing maternal and child health care work. In the thesis, maternal and child health work leading area smoothly, city, District, county government established three level health administrative institutions. At the same time, take over and added professional medical institutions at all levels also continue to follow up, make the municipal, district and county have professional medical institutions to carry out specific work. The focus of the work of this stage is mostly related to clinical medicine. Including (a) through intensive professional technical training, to ensure the line attendants superstition, get rid of bad habits, gradually replace the traditional delivery method with the new methods. (two) from the professional staff of large and medium-sized city hospital mobile team, to carry out in-depth rural education, guide the rural areas of maternal and child health (three). Vigorously promote the spirit of painless childbirth technology, reduce maternal childbirth. The third section elaborates the specific situation in 1952 1959 in Nanjing maternal and child health work. This stage is the maternal and child health care work in Nanjing focused on the development stage, the work focus on learning at the level of preventive medicine, comprehensive and holistic work. This attention the new stage of the provincial health administrative institutions, the adjustment of two counties health administrative institutions, the health administrative institutions at all levels can work better. At the same time, professional medical institutions at all levels were also enriched and adjusted, the number of maternal and child health medical institutions gradually increase, to further expand the scale and scope of services is further extended. This stage involves strengthening the delivery management team to further popularize new methods, consolidating the maternal and child health care network, to carry out the common gynecological diseases Chapuzhi, labor legislation to protect women's health, strengthen prenatal care, prenatal care, prenatal examination and nursing care. The main content of the third chapter is the analysis of the shortage and 1950s in Nanjing maternal and child health work. The paper points out that the achievement is not in doubt. The establishment of three levels of maternal and child health care network covering both urban and rural areas the popularization, new delivery, maternal and infant mortality is reduced greatly, improve the health status of women labor, medical workers professional level increasing, and the urban and rural medical and health conditions gradually improved, fully demonstrates the stage performance. But because of some subjective and objective factors, there are still significant gaps related work and expectations in this stage. The specific performance include: (a) after the long war damage, economic depression, when the national financial resources is Limited, 1950s in Nanjing maternal and child health care work support the lack of national finance. This will seriously affect the work related to the depth, breadth and speed. (two) in order to make up for the short board of capital and resources, the work has to be carried out by the main social mobilization and mass movement, resulting in "do things carelessly" and "false, big, empty common phenomenon. (three) late along with the development of industrial and agricultural production, the majority of women have joined the workforce. In front of the urgent task of economic construction, the importance of women's health care work in all levels of government on schedule decreases, resulting in many maternal and child health care measures to be furnished.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：R17;K27

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