【摘要】：現(xiàn)存揚州園林的遺跡有兩類：城西北郊蜀岡瘦西湖一帶的湖上公共園林集群集中興建于康雍乾三朝(1661——1796),均己損毀,于近年復(fù)建。嘉慶朝二十余年幾無造園活動,現(xiàn)存城內(nèi)私家園林多于道光元年(即1820年)至民國初年所新建或擴建。以原真性為原則,本文將研究對象確定為遺存較為完整的晚清揚州城市私家園林。本文研究要點為：一,選取具有代表性的八處晚清揚州城市私家園林,即個園、何園、小盤谷、汪氏小苑、逸圃、賈氏宅園(二分明月樓)、棣園與瓠園作為重點考察對象,完善其基礎(chǔ)資料圖紙。二,依據(jù)《園冶》理論框架結(jié)合實地調(diào)研,依據(jù)各個園林的特色分析其理法特色,并進一步從立意、布局、疊山、理水、建筑裝飾、花木六個方面予以初步總結(jié)。三,試圖將造園現(xiàn)象還原至動態(tài)發(fā)展的歷史事實中,把握其與社會生活錯綜復(fù)雜的關(guān)系,如園主個人及家族經(jīng)歷等,從而形成對晚清揚州城市私宅園林的較為全面和清晰的認識。晚清的揚州仍受惠于運河的繁榮與鹽政改革等經(jīng)濟政策的庇護,延續(xù)著文化領(lǐng)域如學術(shù)教育、繪畫曲藝、手工藝匠的全面昌盛,在舊、新城區(qū)域先后形成儒商私家園林集群并逐漸發(fā)展成熟、形成獨特風格,在中國造園史上留下最后篇章。其理法特征主要有：整體布局具小型集錦園的特點,船廳、讀書樓、戲臺、覓句廊等多重場景并置并體現(xiàn)出天人感應(yīng)、四季輪回的時空觀念；擅用曲折的路徑、花窗地穴等創(chuàng)造多樣的視線關(guān)系以借景拓展空間；疊山脫離了峰石欣賞而發(fā)展出獨特的中空外奇的揚派疊石技藝,追求山居意境,以拳山勺水寫仿真山氣勢：理水遵循匯水入園不外流的理念而有“天溝”的做法,水體形態(tài)仍沿用傳統(tǒng)的方池靜水,略有曲折蜿蜒的變化藏首匿尾,偶見“旱園水作”的案例。受南巡盛世形成的運河視角審美影響,園中運用山石與建筑結(jié)合、長樓復(fù)廊及“裹腳之法”等構(gòu)建技巧構(gòu)成復(fù)雜穿越的園林空間；園林植物偏重姿態(tài)欣賞和比興含義兼顧四季有花,重視色香搭配；較早期的園內(nèi)仍有放鶴飼魚、置放盆景的明代私園遺俗；建筑裝飾風格較蘇南造型更為高大剛直、色彩更為素雅、線條更粗拙質(zhì)樸,兼有西洋、官式元素,具開放多元之風。晚清揚州私家園林是清代江南造園的優(yōu)秀典型,具有珍貴的史料和藝術(shù)價值,其造園理法尤其是揚派疊石技藝印證并延續(xù)了《園冶》所述理論,于今日仍有借鑒意義。
[Abstract]:There are two kinds of vestige of Yangzhou gardens: the public garden cluster on lake around Shukang thin West Lake in northwestern suburb of Yangzhou was built mainly in Kangyong and Qian3 dynasties (1661-1796), which was destroyed and rebuilt in recent years. There was no gardening activity in Jiaqing for more than 20 years, and there were more private gardens in the city than in the first year of Daoguang (that is, 1820) to the beginning of the Republic of China. Based on the principle of originality, the object of this study is the complete private garden of Yangzhou city in late Qing Dynasty. The main research points of this paper are as follows: first, eight representative private gardens of Yangzhou city in late Qing Dynasty, namely a garden, a small pan valley, a small garden, a garden, and a garden. Improve its basic information drawings. Secondly, according to the theory frame of "Yuan Metallurgical" and the field investigation, the author analyzes the rational and legal characteristics of each garden according to the characteristics of each garden, and makes a preliminary summary from six aspects: idea, layout, stacking, water management, architectural decoration, and flowers and trees. Third, try to restore the phenomenon of gardening to the historical facts of dynamic development, and grasp its complicated relationship with social life, such as the personal and family experience of the owner of the garden, etc. So as to form a more comprehensive and clear understanding of Yangzhou city private house garden in the late Qing Dynasty. Yangzhou in the late Qing Dynasty still benefited from economic policies such as the prosperity of the canal and the reform of salt politics, and continued the overall prosperity of cultural fields such as academic education, painting, and craftsmanship. The New Town area has formed a private garden cluster of Confucian merchants and gradually developed and matured, forming a unique style, leaving the last chapter in the history of Chinese gardening. Its main features are: the overall layout has the characteristics of small panorama, boat hall, reading building, stage, sentence corridor and other multi-scene juxtaposition and reflect the concept of space and time of the nature and human induction, the four seasons reincarnation; Good at using the twists and turns of the path, flowers windows to create a variety of lines of sight to expand the space; Dianshan separated from the appreciation of the peak stone and developed a unique skill of the Yangpai folding stone, pursuing the artistic conception of mountain residence, and writing the simulation mountain momentum with boxing, mountain water and spoonful water: the management of water followed the idea of not flowing water into the garden and there was a practice of "Tiangou". The water form still uses the traditional square pond still water, slightly twists and turns the change first to hide the tail, occasionally sees "the dry orchard water works" the case. Influenced by the aesthetic view of the canal formed by the Southern Patrol, the garden uses the combination of mountains and rocks with architecture, the building of long buildings and corridors and the method of wrapping feet to form the complex traversing garden space. The garden plants emphasize the attitude appreciation and the meaning of "Bi Xing" and take into account the flowers of the four seasons, and attach importance to collocation of color and fragrance; in the early stage of the garden, there are still places for the crane to feed the fish, and the folk custom for the private garden of the Ming Dynasty, which placed the bonsai; Architectural decoration style is more tall and straight than southern Jiangsu, color more simple, rough lines, both Western, official elements, with an open and diversified style. Yangzhou private garden in the late Qing Dynasty is an excellent example of Jiangnan garden in Qing Dynasty, which has precious historical data and artistic value. Its gardening method, especially Yangpai's stone-stacking technique, has confirmed and continued the theory described in "Yuan Ye", which still has reference significance today.
【學位授予單位】：北京林業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：TU986

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